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District Heating and Cooling A central condenser water loop can be compatible with a district energy solution, since the condenser water loop can absorb energy from cooling and supply energy for heating. This can be beneficial if the complex has simultaneous heating and cooling loads since the distributed heat pumps can switch to meet the heating or cooling needs of each individual space, and the common loop allows for energy recovery between heated rooms and cooled rooms. Other types of buildings and spaces can be tied in to provide a more balanced heating/cooling profile. For example, bringing a supermarket into the condenser loop can provide a significant year-round cooling load, which offsets the heating energy needed from the ground loop. Plausibility Concerns Many of the same concerns as the previous retrofit apply here, with some additions: Space on the property must be drilled or trenched to install the bore field. Examples of potentially usable spaces are parking lots, playgrounds, or otherwise open areas. Wells can’t be installed everywhere, since some ground conditions have natural formations which inhibit ground wells. In urban areas, underground infrastructure may block any wells. A geothermal feasibility assessment is needed for every installation. The required number of wells, and the resulting required land area, is a function of building size, so low-rise buildings with more surrounding space relative to the size of the building may be better candidates for this retrofit. High-rise buildings, especially those located in urban areas, may not have enough space for the ground wells. Major drivers of cost are the bore field, new hot water distribution piping (depending on if the building’s piping can be reused), and the terminal heat pumps in each room. Water-source heat pumps have an expected lifespan of 10-15 years, considerably less than room radiators or convectors, resulting in more frequent equipment replacement than existing room heaters. Available Technology Several manufacturers in the U.S. offer console water source heat pumps, including Daikin/McQuay, Trane, and others. Console units are similar in size to radiators and convectors and can be installed in the same location as the heaters they replace. All available WSHPs use typical refrigerants materials, mostly R410a and R134a, as the heat transfer fluid. Unlike split systems like VRF, these heat pumps are packaged and therefore at lower risk of leakage from installation issues. When: Opportunities for Phased Retrofit There is little opportunity for phasing this sort of retrofit. However, it is possible to install the ground loop bore field and the accompanying balance of plant while the existing heating system continues to function. When that is complete, and during a second concerted effort, the distribution work would need to be done along with installation of water source heat pumps in each apartment. The water distribution piping can’t be reused, whether the existing system is steam or hot water, since the flow requirements are significantly different for today’s WSHPs compared to hot water fan coils or baseboards. Barriers to Consider There are site-specific limitations to installing a ground loop for a building – available space is a key concern for dense urban environments, where large multifamily buildings can take up nearly all space on a lot. As with other ground loop systems, the subterranean conditions need to be assessed during a feasibility study. There is likely a limited population of installers with the knowledge to appropriately scope and design a larger- than-residential ground loop system, so regional training can bring benefits to the potential workforce. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 23PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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