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As with all heat pumps, the cost of electricity relative to fuel needs to be understood. Large multifamily buildings with steam heating systems tend to have inherent inefficiencies due to steam balancing and overheating, so there is a better chance to overcome the higher cost of electricity. Hot water systems tend to have less waste and better control, but the distribution upgrades can still yield considerable fuel and pumping electricity savings. Useful Resources Green Riverside explanation of closed loop water source heat pump systems: https://www.energydepot.com/RPUcom/library/HVAC012.asp Daikin/McQuay console water source heat pumps compatible with this retrofit: http://www.daikinapplied.com/o365/GetDocument/Doc100/ASP_31-417_Enfinity_Console_WMHC-WMHW_LR.pdf/ Case Study: Multifamily case study of ground-source heat pumps compared to VRF, authored by BPA and Ecotope: https://www.bpa.gov/EE/Technology/EE-emerging-technologies/Projects-Reports- Archives/Documents/BPA%20Puyallup%20MV%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf RETROFIT PROJECT 3: STEAM OR HOT WATER PACKAGED TERMINAL HEAT PUMPS (PTHP) Cost Complexity Technology Gaps Major Considerations $6-$12/SF Low – moderate planning consideration and minimal space disturbance; can be done at turnover, though new wall penetrations may be needed if the building does not have PTACs already. Limitations in cold weather performance, particularly around capacity maintenance and lacking defrost strategy, exclude the current technology offerings from being viable for any climate where freezing winter temperatures are likely Best for mild climates until cold-climate performance improves, removes the potential for distribution waste in space heating systems and removes split incentive of energy cost vs energy use if tenants pay for the electricity. What: Description of the Technology PTHPs are reversible packaged air conditioner units installed in a wall penetration in each room. PTHPs can switch from cooling to heating, using the same refrigerant circuit and hardware to control and manage both. In heating mode, the heat source is the air directly outside the room. In cooling mode, heat is rejected into the air outside the room. Buildings that currently use a steam or hot water plant would convert each room’s heater to use a PTHP for heating and cooling. The steam or hot water system would be decommissioned unless desired for use as a backup system (note: this is not typically done and requires analysis and implementation of switchover controls). The system capacity should be designed for the larger load in each room to ensure that both heating and cooling needs can be met for the building’s specific climate. Many large multifamily buildings produce DHW with the central heating plant, so the DHW system would need to be separated and retrofitted to a new technology, or the existing plant would remain to provide DHW. Where: Use Today and Retrofit Applications Currently, PTHP technology is typically only employed in warmer climates of the U.S. because of performance shortfalls at low temperatures. Hotels use PTHPs in climates where heating and cooling needs can vary greatly from one room to the next. The hospitality sector makes up one-half to two-thirds of all PTAC shipments in the country and may constitute a similar portion of PTHP shipments. PTACs are very similar in size and operation to PTHPs and are fairly common in newer buildings coupled with either electric resistance or a central hot water or steam plant for heating. Buildings with existing PTACs are prime candidates for a PTHP retrofit, since Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 24PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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