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The usage of a large AWHP may coincide with peak demand periods in a residential building and neighborhood. This new load can put additional strain on the electricity grid at critical times. To mitigate this, controls can be used to run the AWHP plant to charge the storage tank at off-peak times as much as possible. These controls may need to be customized for the building and are thus an additional engineering and software expense. Conversely, these controls can maximize runtime during windows of over-production from solar PV arrays. Available Technology Known suppliers of cold-climate capable large-scale AWHPs are Aermec S.P.A. and Colmac Water Heat, though others have had products in the past such as Mayekawa61 and AO Smith. Several manufacturers sell AWHPs internationally, including Mayekawa, Mitsubishi, and Panasonic. Some AWHPs are classified as reverse cycle chillers, which are fundamentally the same thing. The Sanden SANCO2 product uses a mini-split-sized outdoor unit with a CO2 refrigerant circuit. Outdoor units can be grouped together outdoors with a common water manifold that feeds a building’s DHW distribution. The Sanden units operate at full output capacity down to an outdoor temperature of -5°F, making them suitable for nearly all climates. A different type of DHW generation is to use the outdoor heat pump units from a VRF system and install an indoor unit that uses the VRF refrigerant lines to heat water. This type of system requires a VRF system, and each VRF manufacturer has a specific indoor unit to tie into their VRF infrastructure. This option can only work in VRF systems that have heat recovery, since DHW is needed even when the rest of the building needs space cooling. When: Opportunities for Phased Retrofit The AWHP plant can be installed to replace the existing DHW plant whenever desired. No apartment access is needed for a typical installation. It is recommended to install the heat pump, electrical service, storage tank, and tie-ins all at once. Barriers to Consider Installation cost presents a significant barrier to owners compared to fuel-fired or electric resistance alternatives. As with all heat pumps, the cost of electricity relative to fuel should be fully analyzed. The poor low temperature performance of non-CO2 heat pumps necessitates supplemental systems for cold climates. In the case of steam and hot water buildings with an existing boiler, the backup may already be available. However, for buildings that are also replacing boilers with heat pumps, especially distributed heat pumps with no central plant, the backup system needs to be added in to the cost of the retrofit. Historically there has been little demand for AWHPs for domestic hot water. Even in the residential market, heat pumps do not make up a large portion of the DHW market. There are only a handful of installations of large-scale HPWHs in the U.S., so there is an extremely limited selection of personnel with the knowledge to design and install such systems. While design considerations are different, the level of difficulty is similar to fuel-fired boiler plant design. Education of installers and designers around the country may be needed to properly design the systems and to specify AWHPs in retrofit projects. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 40PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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