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RETROFIT PROJECT 9: DHW: PER-APARTMENT DHW PER-APARTMENT HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS Cost Complexity Technology Gaps Major Considerations $1.5-$5/SF Medium – replacing in-unit gas water heaters with heat pump water heaters requires unit access and new penetrations to the exterior to place outdoor units for split systems. Can be done at unit turnover. Limitations in cold weather performance, though adequate products are available overseas. Refrigerants used by U.S.-available units are HFCs. CO2-refrigerant units are available globally and increasingly available in the U.S. What: Description of the Technology The existing gas-fired water heater in each apartment would be replaced with a heat pump water heater. Heating and cooling systems would not be affected, though an integrated HPWH would affect space heating and cooling loads if the HPWH uses indoor air as a heat source. In very efficient apartments, there is a chance that a split HPWH can contribute to space heating water as well as DHW, but the two systems would typically be decoupled. Integrated HPWHs actively cool a space in a relatively uncontrolled way and should not be considered a primary cooling method but can contribute to cooling. Figure 16. HPWH schematic showing one outdoor unit to one indoor tank, as would be installed per apartment or for a small cluster of apartments. Note that the split is not splitting the refrigerant circuit, just the connection between the heat pump and the water tank. Image source: Sanden Where: Use Today and Retrofit Applications Internationally, alternative refrigerants such as R-744 (CO2) are more commonly used for DHW generation and are starting to become available in the U.S.62 Why: Benefits of this Typology Regardless of region and climate zone, the transition from fuel-fired DHW plants to heat pumps can be a relatively low-cost way to electrify building systems. In buildings with distributed single water heaters for each apartment or a cluster of 2-4 apartments, residential HPWHs can provide excellent efficiency and utilize CO2 instead of HFCs as a refrigerant. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 41PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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