PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 052
22 United States is implied as an Article 2 country, which is the first group subject to the phaseout. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/news/kigali-amendment-montreal-protocol-another-global- commitment-stop-climate 23 “Update on Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol”. Cindy Newberg, U.S.EPA, December 2016. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/newberg_kigaliamend_122016.pdf . Slide 4 indicates that HFC use must be reduced by 70% by 2029 for Article 2 countries. 24 Some U.S. states are contemplating legislation to align with these phase-outs, regardless of federal EPA actions. For example, there is now legislation in WA State to do the same thing. Policy Brief, December 2018: https://www.governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/hfc-policy-brief.pdf; proposed legislation: https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=1112&Year=2019&Initiative=false 25 Estimated useful life of heat pump equipment in residential spaces is 15 years for in-unit equipment, 20 years for outdoor equipment. Fannie Mae “Instructions for Performing a Multifamily Property Assessment (Version 2.0), Appendix F”. 2014. https://www.fanniemae.com/content/guide_form/4099f.pdf 26 The amount of refrigerant in a VRF system depends on the total length of piping attached to the central plant. Longer pipe-length systems may have 8-9 lbs refrigerant per 12,000 BTU heating capacity. This number could be significantly higher if there is much more piping for a given space conditioning load. 27 https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf 28 EIA. 2015 Consumption and Expenditures Technical Documentation Summary. (2018) https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2015/methodology/pdf/2015C&EMethodology.pdf 29 Fuel oil has 5,770 kBTU/barrel and emits 426.7 kgCO2e per barrel, so 0.07395 kgCO2e/kBTU. Natural gas has 1.037 kBTU per cubic foot (CF) and emits 0.055 kgCO2e/CF, so 0.057 kgCO2e/kBTU. Coefficients from EPA 1990-2016 National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 04/documents/9509_fastfacts_20180410v2_508.pdf 30 See the EPA Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) for information on region-specific GHG intensities of the electricity grid. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 02/documents/egrid2016_summarytables.pdf 31 For example, the Spacepak AWHP works in both heating and cooling modes: http://mesteksa.com/fileuploads/Literature/SpacePak/SpacePak/SCM2-01141.pdf 32 Single-family hydronic retrofit with CO2 heat pump: http://www.ecobuilding.org/code-innovations/case-studies/sanden- co2-refrigerant-heat-pump-water-heater-for-dhw-radiant-heat_-bundle-birch-case-study-house 33 “Uneven distribution, called imbalance, is the fundamental problem of steam systems.” Flothow, J. et al. “Clanging Pipes and Open Windows: Upgrading Steam Systems for the 21st Century”. NRDC & EEFA, 2015. Page 7. http://energyefficiencyforall.org/resources/clanging-pipes-and-open-windows-upgrading-nyc-steam-systems-21st-century 34 Shapiro, Ian. “Water and Energy Use in Steam Heated Buildings.” ASHRAE Journal 2010. https://www.taitem.com/wp- content/uploads/SteamBoilerReplacements.pdf 35 This assumes that while 110V service may be available at the apartment panel, many buildings will not have 230V service, and would need new risers, adding to the cost. 36 Expected useful life of a “Heat pump condensing component” :20 years; for a “Chilling plant”, which has similar compressor components, 15 years. Boilers range from 30-40 years. From Fannie Mae: “Instructions for Performing a Multifamily PCA (Version 2.0) Appendix F – Estimated Useful Life Tables. 2014. https://www.fanniemae.com/content/guide_form/4099f.pdf 37 Pumping energy costs are not included in the rated efficiency of water source heat pumps, and lower the system coefficient of performance (SCOP): https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-113-ground-source-heat-pumps- geothermal-for-residential-heating-and-cooling-carbon-emissions-and-efficiency 38 Stagner, Joseph. (2016). Stanford University’s “fourth generation” district energy system: Combined heat and cooling provides a path to sustainability. Page 23. https://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/ IDEA_Stagner_Stanford_fourth_Gen_DistrictEnergy.pdf 39 Kupperman, D.S., Raptis, A.C., & Lanham, R.N.. Detection and location of leaks in district heating steam systems: Survey and review of current technology and practices. (1992). United States. doi:10.2172/5434678. Section 2. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5434678 40 Infra note 42 Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 52PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
PDF Search Title:
HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGSOriginal File Name Searched:
heat-pump-retrofit-strategies-report-05082019.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)