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Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 130 oF leaving water temp. sink! media 120 oF leaving water temp. temperature lift COP source! media 110 oF leaving water temp. 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 outdoor temperature (oF) The theoretical maximum COP for any heat pump was established by nineteenth century scientist Sadi Carnot and is appropriately called the Carnot COP. It is based on the absolute temperatures of the source media and sink media and is given in Formula 2-2. resistance heating device that provides the same heat output. For example, if an electric resistance space heater is 100% efficient, then by comparison, a heat pump with a COP of 4.1 would be 410% efficient. Some would argue that no heat source can have an efficiency greater than 100%. This is true for any heat source that simply converts a fuel into heat. However, much of the heat released by a heat pump is heat that was moved instead of created through combustion or direct conversion of electrical energy to heat. As such, its beneficial effect is equivalent to a heat source that would have an efficiency much higher than 100%. The COP of all heat pumps is highly dependent on operating conditions. This includes the temperature of the source media, as well as the media to which the heat pump dissipates heat. The closer the temperature of the source media is to the temperature of the sink media, the higher the heat pump’s COP. One can visualize the difference between the source and sink temperatures as the “temperature lift” the heat pump must provide, as shown in Figure 2-8. The smaller the lift, the higher the heat pump’s COP. 14 Formula 2-2 Tsink (Tsink −Tsource) COP = Carnot COPCarnot = Carnot COP (the maximum possible COP of any heat pump) T = absolute temperature of the sink media to which Q cooling capacity (Btu/hr) EER= c = sink heat is delivered (oR) we electrical input wattage Tsource = absolute temperature of the source media from which heat is extracted (oR) oR = oF + 458o This Carnot COP is bHaPosnelyd on a hypothetical heat pump COP = 48,000Btu / hr = 3.35 Btu / hr that has no mechanical ener⎡g4y2l0o0ss⎤ewsadttu×e 3t.o41fr3iction or ⎣⎦ watt electrical losses due to resistance. It is also based on “infinitely sized” source and sink that remain at exactly the same temperatures as they give up and absorb heat. No real heat pump operates under such idealized conditions, and thus no real heat pump ever attains the Carnot COP. COP = 48,000Btu / hr net ⎡⎣(2×220)+4200+180⎤⎦watt×3.413Btu wPDF Image | Heat Pump Systems 2020
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