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Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling heater generating heat at 100% efficiency will have COP = 1, while a heat pump in heating mode ranges from a COP of 3 to 4. − The COP of a heat pump is solely determined by the condensation temperature and the temperature lift (the difference between condensation and evaporation temperature) and is given by: Where temperatures are measured in Kelvin − A basic rule for the design of an efficient heat pump systems is to minimize the temperature difference between the heat sink and the heat source to achieve maximum efficiency; for example, for a heating application use the warmest available heat source and lowest possible distribution temperature. • The heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) − The heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) is a measure of the total heat output in Btu of a heat pump over the entire heating season divided by the total energy in watt hours it uses during that time. This number is similar to the seasonal efficiency of a fuel- fired heating system and includes energy for supplementary heating. • The energy efficiency ratio (EER) − EER (energy efficiency ratio) is similar to COP, but only for cooling. It measures how efficiently a cooling system operates. The higher the EER, the more efficient the unit. − EER is most commonly applied to window units and smaller standalone air conditioners and heat pumps. The EER is the ratio of Btu/hr of cooling divided by the watts of electricity used at an outside temperature of 95°F (35°C). Room air conditioners should have an EER of at least 9.0 for mild climates and over 10.0 for hot climates. 12PDF Image | Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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