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3. 2.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS..................................................................................................................42 2.3.1 New refrigerants since the 2014 RTOC Assessment Report ..................................................42 2.3.2 Unsaturated hydro-halochemicals.........................................................................................44 2.3.3 Refrigerants for high temperature heat-pumps......................................................................45 2.3.4 Fluoroiodocarbon, CF3I ........................................................................................................46 2.3.5 Developments of R-744 (carbon dioxide) systems .................................................................46 2.3.6 Assessment of current and future refrigerants and GWP ......................................................47 2.4 FLAMMABLE REFRIGERANTS AND SAFETY STANDARDS ...................................................................49 2.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................................................................51 2.6 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................51 ANNEX I TO CHAPTER 2 ..........................................................................................................................55 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES .............................................................................................................65 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................65 3.2 OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................66 3.2.1 Alternatives for domestic refrigerators..................................................................................66 3.2.2 Conversion of HFC-134a domestic refrigerators to low GWP alternatives..........................68 3.2.3 Alternatives for tumble dryers ...............................................................................................69 3.2.4 Not-in-kind alternative technologies .....................................................................................70 3.2.5 Product energy efficiency improvement for domestic refrigerators ......................................70 3.2.6 Product energy efficiency improvement for tumble dryers....................................................72 3.3 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS.........................................................................72 3.3.1 HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze as alternatives to HFC-134a................................................72 3.4 END-OF-LIFE DISPOSAL ....................................................................................................................73 3.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................................................................73 3.6 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................73 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION .............................................................................................77 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................77 4.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................77 4.3 OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................78 4.3.1 Stand-alone equipment ..........................................................................................................79 4.3.2 Condensing unit systems........................................................................................................81 4.3.3 Centralised supermarket systems...........................................................................................83 4.3.4 Energy Efficiency in new equipment......................................................................................88 4.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................90 4.4.1 Energy efficiency in existing equipment ................................................................................91 4.5 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................92 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS............................................97 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................97 5.1.1 Background............................................................................................................................98 5.1.2 Efficiency and Sustainability .................................................................................................98 5.1.3 Refrigeration..........................................................................................................................99 5.1.4 Heat pumps..........................................................................................................................101 5.2 APPLICATIONS ...............................................................................................................................103 5.2.1 Food processing ..................................................................................................................103 5.2.2 Cold storage ........................................................................................................................103 5.2.3 Industrial heat pumps and heat recovery.............................................................................104 5.2.4 Leisure .................................................................................................................................104 5.2.5 Process refrigeration ...........................................................................................................105 5.2.6 Gas liquefaction...................................................................................................................105 5.3 OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................106 5.3.1 R-717 (ammonia).................................................................................................................106 5.3.2 Hydrofluorocarbons ............................................................................................................108 5.3.3 Hydrocarbons ......................................................................................................................110 4 5 vi 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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