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6 5.3.4 R-744 (carbon dioxide)........................................................................................................110 5.3.5 R-718 (water).......................................................................................................................110 5.3.6 Ice slurry..............................................................................................................................111 5.3.7 Absorption ...........................................................................................................................111 5.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING EQUIPMENT ...............................................................................................111 5.4.1 Conversion to HFC blends ..................................................................................................112 5.4.2 Conversion to R-744............................................................................................................112 5.4.3 Conversion to R-717............................................................................................................113 5.4.4 Conversion to hydrocarbons................................................................................................113 5.5 SERVICE REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................113 5.6 EDUCATION AND TRAINING............................................................................................................114 5.7 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................114 5.8 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................115 TRANSPORT REFRIGERATION................................................................................................121 6.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................121 6.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND APPLICATIONS .....................................................................................121 6.3 OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................121 6.3.1 Truck and trailer..................................................................................................................121 6.3.2 Containers ...........................................................................................................................122 6.3.3 Ships ....................................................................................................................................123 6.3.4 Railways ..............................................................................................................................124 6.3.5 Energy efficiency considerations.........................................................................................124 6.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING EQUIPMENT ...............................................................................................126 6.4.1 Trucks and trailers...............................................................................................................126 6.4.2 Containers ...........................................................................................................................126 6.4.3 Ships ....................................................................................................................................126 6.4.4 Railways ..............................................................................................................................127 6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................................127 6.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................128 AIR-TO-AIR AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS........................................................133 7.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................133 7.2 EQUIPMENT TYPES .........................................................................................................................134 7.2.1 Small self-contained air conditioners ..................................................................................134 7.2.2 Split (non-ducted) residential and commercial air conditioners .........................................135 7.2.3 Multi-split air conditioners for commercial and residential................................................136 7.2.4 Split ducted air conditioners (residential and commercial) ................................................137 7.2.5 Ducted commercial packaged (self-contained) air conditioners .........................................138 7.3 OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................138 7.3.1 HFC-134a............................................................................................................................139 7.3.2 R-407C.................................................................................................................................139 7.3.3 R-410A.................................................................................................................................139 7.3.4 HFC-32................................................................................................................................140 7.3.5 HFC-161..............................................................................................................................141 7.3.6 HFC-1234yf.........................................................................................................................141 7.3.7 HC-290 ................................................................................................................................141 7.3.8 HC-1270 ..............................................................................................................................143 7.3.9 R-744 ...................................................................................................................................143 7.3.10 New mixtures for air conditioners ..................................................................................143 7.3.11 Energy efficiency considerations ....................................................................................145 7.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING EQUIPMENT ...............................................................................................146 7.4.1 Replacement refrigerants only.............................................................................................147 7.4.2 Retrofit refrigerants.............................................................................................................148 7.4.3 Conversion to flammable refrigerants.................................................................................148 7.5 FINAL REMARKS.............................................................................................................................148 7 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report viiPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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