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8 7.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................149 WATER AND SPACE HEATING HEAT PUMPS ......................................................................155 8.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................155 8.2 HEAT PUMP TYPES, IMPLICATIONS AND TRENDS.............................................................................155 8.2.1 Heat pump types ..................................................................................................................155 8.2.2 Energy efficiency considerations.........................................................................................157 8.2.3 Safety considerations...........................................................................................................158 8.3 REFRIGERANT OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT................................................................................158 8.3.1 HFC-134a and HFC blends R-407C, R-417A and R-410A.................................................159 8.3.2 HFC-32................................................................................................................................159 8.3.3 HFO-1234yf and low-GWP HFC/HFO blends....................................................................160 8.3.4 R-744 (carbon dioxide)........................................................................................................160 8.3.5 Hydrocarbons ......................................................................................................................161 8.3.6 R-717 (ammonia).................................................................................................................162 8.3.7 Overview ..............................................................................................................................162 8.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................163 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................................163 8.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................164 CHILLERS.......................................................................................................................................169 9.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................169 9 10 VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING ..............................................................................................189 10.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................189 10.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND FUTURE TRENDS..............................................................................189 10.2.1 Regional regulations and influencing factors .................................................................190 10.2.2 Light duty vehicles and electrification aspects ...............................................................191 10.3 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SYSTEMS ..............................................................................................193 10.3.1 Retrofit of CFC-12 systems.............................................................................................193 10.3.2 Hydrocarbon retrofits .....................................................................................................193 10.4 OPTIONS FOR NEW AND FUTURE MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS......................................193 10.4.1 Improved HFC-134a systems..........................................................................................193 10.4.2 HFO-1234yf systems.......................................................................................................193 10.4.3 Carbon dioxide (R-744) systems .....................................................................................194 10.4.4 Other refrigerants ...........................................................................................................194 10.4.5 Bus air conditioning........................................................................................................195 10.5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MAC APPLICATIONS ............................................................................196 10.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................................196 10.7 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................196 ANNEX TO CHAPTER 10...........................................................................................................................200 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS..................................................................................170 Air and water cooled chillers .............................................................................................170 Chiller capacity ranges........................................................................................................172 9.3 REFRIGERANT OPTIONS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT................................................................................172 9.3.1 Emerging low-GWP refrigerants.........................................................................................172 9.3.2 Continuing evaluation of experimental refrigerants............................................................175 9.3.3 Energy efficiency considerations.........................................................................................177 9.3.4 Non-fluorinated refrigerants ...............................................................................................179 9.4 OPTIONS FOR EXISTING CHILLER EQUIPMENT.................................................................................181 9.4.1 Positive displacement chillers .............................................................................................181 9.4.2 Centrifugal/axial turbo chillers ...........................................................................................182 9.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................................182 9.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................182 viii 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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