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11 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY APPLIED TO REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................................................205 11.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................205 11.2 OUTCOMES FROM UN CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORKS.......................................206 11.3 SUSTAINABILITY APPLIED TO REFRIGERATION ..........................................................................208 11.4 ASSESSMENT TOOLS..................................................................................................................209 11.4.1 Refrigerant selection criteria ..........................................................................................209 11.4.2 Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) .......................................................................211 11.4.3 Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) .....................................................................213 11.5 DIRECT IMPACT OF REFRIGERANTS............................................................................................214 11.5.1 Decomposition of refrigerants and enrichment in the aquatic ecosystem/ hydrosphere 215 11.5.2 Reducing direct emissions...............................................................................................216 11.5.3 Refrigerant recovery, recycling, reclamation and destruction .......................................217 11.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY, INDIRECT IMPACTS ..................................................................................219 11.6.1 Energy efficiency factors.................................................................................................221 11.7 LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................................................221 11.7.1 Sustainable equipment design.........................................................................................222 11.7.2 Sustainability within refrigeration and air-conditioning servicing.................................224 11.7.3 Sustainable cold chains...................................................................................................225 11.7.4 Sustainable building concepts.........................................................................................226 11.7.5 Sustainable energy storage, thermal energy storage ......................................................227 11.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS ..........................................227 11.9 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................228 12. NOT IN KIND TECHNOLOGIES.................................................................................................235 13 12.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................235 12.2 ENERGY SAVINGS, DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND GEOGRAPHICAL APPLICABILITY OF 17 NIK TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................................................................236 12.3 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO VAPOUR COMPRESSION ........................................................237 12.3.1 Solid state based technologies:.......................................................................................237 12.3.2 Electro-mechanical technologies....................................................................................239 12.3.3 Thermal based technologies. ..........................................................................................241 12.4 NIK TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDING MINIMUM 15 % ENERGY SAVING COMPARED TO VAPOUR COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................................246 12.5 CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................................................247 12.6 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................249 HIGH AMBIENT.............................................................................................................................255 13.1 RECOGNITION AND PERCEPTION OF THE ISSUE ..........................................................................255 13.2 DEFINITION OF HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ACCORDING TO KIGALI AND COUNTRIES COVERED 256 13.3 THE HIGH AMBIENT ISSUE-IMPACT ON CAPACITY, EFFICIENCY AND REFRIGERANT SELECTION..256 13.3.1 Exemptions: defining the equipment ...............................................................................257 13.4 CHALLENGES ............................................................................................................................258 13.4.1 Regulation: MEPS ..........................................................................................................258 13.4.2 Power availability and sources.......................................................................................258 13.4.3 Water availability and sources .......................................................................................258 13.4.4 Refrigerant management and servicing ..........................................................................259 13.4.5 Technological capabilities of the local industry .............................................................259 13.5 LIMITATIONS AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................259 13.5.1 Refrigerant charge amount .............................................................................................260 13.5.2 Designing for MEPS: size and cost of units....................................................................261 13.5.3 Meeting safety considerations.........................................................................................261 13.6 TESTING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS.........................................................................................266 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report ixPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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