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are applied in large, multiple cooling systems, various application and control strategies are available that can significantly reduce the overall energy consumption of the system. Vehicle air conditioning At present, more than one refrigerant is used for new car and light truck air conditioning: HFC-134a will remain widely accepted world-wide while, due to regulations, the use of HFO-1234yf will continue expanding mainly in the US, Europe and Japan. R-744, currently available for very few car models, is expected to be considered as an option for electrified vehicles, when used at the same time for a heat pump function. The global use of HFO-1234yf and other low GWP options will be impacted by additional aspects including safety, regulations, system reliability, heat pump capability and servicing. At the moment, it cannot be forecast whether or not the existing and new refrigerants will remain parallel options in the market for a longer period of time. It is also unclear if other mobile AC applications, such as buses and heavy-duty trucks, will follow the trends now apparent in light-duty vehicles. The use of hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon blends has not received widespread support from vehicle manufacturers, mainly due to safety concerns. The on-going electrification of road transport in Europe, China and US may represent a disruption to current refrigerants as well as to broader technical options that might result in a reconsideration of current refrigerant choices. Energy efficiency and sustainability applied to refrigeration systems Industry and policymakers may consider the methods, tools and incentives described in this RTOC assessment report chapter to stimulate and support improvements on energy efficiency and sustainability. A wider range of relevant environmental and social aspects is briefly described in this chapter while keeping focus on possible environmental impacts of refrigeration systems. Comprehensive sustainable selection criteria for refrigerants are introduced for the first time. They address energy efficiency, impact on climate and hydrosphere, usage of renewable energy, and other options to reduce GHG emissions and consumption of natural resources, adaptability for thermal energy storage, costs, technological development level, safety, flammability and liability. Expected future emissions of TFA, being a degradation product of several HFOs and some HFCs, will increasingly pollute aquatic soil layers and drinking water systems. Lacking adequate knowledge of all TFA pollution impacts, more in-depth research will be required, particularly due to the rapid, widespread uptake of HFOs in MAC and other R/AC subsectors. The adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in the RACHP sector, needs to include responsible choice and management of refrigerants, energy efficient design of refrigeration systems and efficient operation through optimised integration and controls. Not-in-Kind technologies • Not-In-Kind (NIK) technologies do not primarily use mechanical vapour compression (MVC) technology to produce air conditioning or refrigeration. 4 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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