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• These technologies can be classified as “widely commercially available”, “commercially available” or “emerging and R&D”. They are divided into three groups: (1) thermal, (2) solid-state, and (3) electro-mechanical technologies. • Thermal technologies are predominantly available commercially; solid-state technologies are mostly available commercially with one technology in the R&D stage; electro- mechanical technologies are mostly in the R&D stage. The last ones are assumed to become the NIK technologies of the near future, with expected higher EERs compared to other NIK technologies. • NIK technologies are expected to provide savings in operating costs. Their unique ability to use waste and renewable energy sources makes their applications achieve high energy efficiency. High ambient • There is more awareness of the challenges faced at HAT conditions in the design, implementation, and even servicing of equipment using low-GWP alternative refrigerants that are capable of delivering a high level of energy efficiency. • Research done at HAT conditions reveal viable low-GWP refrigerant alternatives that can be effectively used. • A limited range of small split units using flammable refrigerants can be found in some HAT country markets. The potential demand of HAT countries for air conditioning units with alternative refrigerants further drives the research and development efforts of global and local manufacturers. This in order to develop specially designed energy-efficient units that meet safety standards. Modelling • Calculating the energy efficiency related to refrigerant properties or related to RACHP equipment operation as well as calculating the direct and indirect emissions, dependent on efficiency and cooling load, is a task for separate scientific or technology studies; RTOC assessment reports can only refer to them. • Determination of current and future refrigerant demand has been a task for RTOC experts when involved in recent Task Force reports. The demand follows from “bottom-up” calculations of banks and emissions that give good insight into future developments, albeit that these imply assumption of a large amount of parameters. This includes economic growth, equipment base and composition, leakage, end-of-life characteristics, recovery and recycling. • When converting to alternative refrigerants, an important parameter to be studied is the duration of industry conversions to the use of this new refrigerant. The longer it takes to convert industries, the more equipment will continue to be built using the original refrigerant, implying substantial servicing demand for this refrigerant even after conversions will have been completed. • Inventory model-based demand calculations have shown their value in recent reports that presented a comparison of climate benefits of various HFC reduction schedules -- before the 2016 Kigali Amendment was agreed. Based on data from studies on national HFC production and consumption undertaken (“HFC Surveys”), calculations using these “bottom-up” models should increasingly result in adequate predictions of future national or regional HFC consumption. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 5PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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