PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 026
demand is relatively low in most countries. Also, government regulations and financial incentives today provide little to accelerate change. As a result, the complete change to lower GWP refrigerants is likely to take several years. It is noteworthy that chillers that use non- fluorinated refrigerants are available today and will be part of a changing mix of commercially available products. Vapour compression technology dominates all chiller products. Absorption chillers using lithium bromide/water or ammonia/water are available today, just as they have been for decades. Broader use is limited by cost and comparatively lower efficiency. They can be used effectively where there are favourable utility rates or in hybrid systems where waste heat or steam is available. It is unlikely that chillers using not-in-kind technologies will be commercialised in the foreseeable future. The energy consumption of chillers dominates their environmental impact because the latest generation of chillers has low leak rates and, therefore, low direct global warming impact. The issue then is to introduce complete lines of chiller products, both air and water cooled, with new refrigerants, while not sacrificing performance. It goes without saying that there can be no compromise in reliability or safety for those products that use flammable refrigerants. Safety codes and standards that give complete requirements for the application of flammable refrigerants are not yet published in all regions. Regulators and customers alike are demanding higher performing, reliable chillers regardless of the refrigerant that is used. As most chillers are applied in large, multiple chiller systems, various application and control strategies are available that can significantly reduce the overall energy consumption of the system. Vehicle air conditioning Due to the enforcement of regulations, HFO-1234yf is rapidly increasing its market share in US and Europe in new AC equipped passenger cars, while HFC-134 remains widely used in other regions. Although the transition away from CFC-12 has been successful, there is still a transitional lag in Article 5 countries in that their existing automobiles still use CFC-12. It is expected that as of 2019 and beyond, air conditioning for cars and light trucks will be met by several refrigerants such as HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf for use in new car models, and R-744. R-744 is expected to be considered as an option for electrified vehicles, when used at the same time for a heat pump function. The de-carbonization of road transport and its progressive electrification will lead to a change in vehicle air conditioning. The vapour compression cycle will, by far, remain the most adopted technology; however, it will be implemented using different configurations, where the direct expansion will be in part be replaced by liquid cooled systems, to allow the electric and battery thermal management. The global vehicle air conditioning market will be significantly governed by additional considerations such as safety, costs, regulatory approval, system reliability, heat pump capability (especially for electric driven vehicles) and servicing. The transition to new and more expensive refrigerants is driven by regulations; that is, where there are, or will be specific regulations, HFO- 1234yf will be further adopted. Otherwise the old refrigerant (HFC-134a) will continue to be the main option unless (or until) less expensive solutions are available. Within this framework, it should be mentioned that there are studies to evaluate the adoption of less expensive, but flammable, low GWP refrigerants in Article 5 countries (e.g., in India). Finally, it is unclear whether the bus and heavy-duty truck MAC will follow the evolution in passenger vehicles, utilising for example HFO-1234yf or other options (HFO blends, R-744, etc.) 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 13PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
PDF Search Title:
Heat Pumps Technical OptionsOriginal File Name Searched:
RTOC-assessment-report-2018_0.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)