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Energy efficiency and sustainability applied to refrigeration systems The term sustainable refrigeration is linked to understanding and assessing the efficient use of resources, especially energy for operating refrigeration systems. Energy efficiency considerations were one of the considerations for the introduction of the chapter on sustainable refrigeration in the UNEP assessment reporting period 2010-2014. During 2014-2018, the importance for the selection of refrigerants has increased significantly. This chapter moves beyond the traditional approach to refrigerant sustainability and uses a more holistic look of an air conditioning and refrigeration system lifecycle, with consideration given to the assessment tools and the aspects of efficient equipment and building design. Other opportunities were identified to achieve sustainability improvements along the lifecycle of a refrigeration system. Reduction in the use of raw materials and the establishment of codes of ethical conduct for suppliers along the value chain are two notable improvements. Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump equipment are vital means for sustainability in order to address the fundamental needs of humans in areas such as food conservation, food security, healthcare, water heating, and thermal comfort worldwide. There are, however, a number of negative environmental impacts from the use of this equipment that need to be minimised through careful consideration of design, operation, and end of life aspects of these equipment and the refrigerants they use. While keeping focus on possible environmental impacts of refrigeration treated throughout the report - namely the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and global warming - a wider range of relevant environmental, as well as social considerations, are briefly described in this chapter, for attention by decision makers. Sustainable selection criteria, such as energy efficiency, climate impact, and adaptability for thermal energy storage, costs, technological level, safety, flammability and finally liability and responsibility for refrigerants are introduced in this chapter for the first time. Two environmental metrics – life cycle climate performance (LCCP) and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) are used to select refrigerant options for reducing direct emissions and the sustainable use of refrigerants in service, maintenance, recycling, recovery, and disposal are described. TFA, as a degradation product of several HFOs and HFCs used (as well as other chemicals containing a CF3 group), is and will be increasingly emitted to the ambient, thereby polluting aquatic soil layers and drinking water systems, with largely unknown impacts on the biosphere. Emission estimates for 2030 for HFOs that are TFA related, made in this report, are at about 60 ktonnes for non-Article 5 countries and at about 90 ktonnes for Article 5 countries. Even with a large number of studies done, adequate knowledge of HFOs decomposing to TFA and TFA pollution impacts is lacking. It implies that substantially more research is needed, particularly in light of the observed rapid, widespread uptake of HFO-1234yf in MAC applications and certain HFOs in other R/AC sectors between now and 2030. The effects of political and regulatory measures, industry commitments, labeling of energy efficient products and other factors are explained using general technological and regional examples. It is emphasised that sustainable developments often conflict with the goal of minimising investment costs versus minimising energy consumption, thereby increasing energy efficiency. For the first time, chapter 11 also addresses lifecycle considerations related to sustainable equipment design, sustainability within the refrigeration and air-conditioning servicing, the cold chains, sustainable building concepts and thermal energy storage. This chapter also describes environmental impacts of refrigeration systems, which can be minimised by: 14 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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