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Solid-State based technologies: three technologies examined. Magnetocaloric and Thermoelectric are widely commercially or commercially available. One technology is in R&D stage. A table at the end of the chapter describes all technologies. In conclusion, the future is bright for NIK technologies. Plans are underway for assembling a one TR (3.52 kW) window air conditioner prototype operating on Thermoelastic technology (Electro-Mechanical Driven Technologies), at the University of Maryland, USA. In the US, one manufacturer developed a one TR (3.52 kW) prototype space-conditioning system that operate on Membrane Heat Pump technology (electro-mechanical technology) using this two-stage, latent and sensible stages technology. High EERs are predicted here. Absorption heat pumps are commercially available and have an inherent advantage since they can operate on heat energy, thus saving precious peak electric power. Evaporative cooling has always been an attractive alternative in hot-dry conditions. In addition, Indirect/Direct evaporative cooling extended the use of this technology in mostly hot humid hot as well as hot dry conditions. Its water consumption rates have improved. Evaporative Liquid Desiccant technology (thermal based), in R&D stage, also consumes water. Careful selection is needed in regions where water is scarce. Ground coupled Solid Desiccant AC (thermal based) is also in R&D stage and uses thermal energy. Magnetocaloric technology (solid-state based technology) is commercially available for the commercial refrigeration sector; since only one company claims production, it cannot be considered as widely commercially available. Vuilleumier heat pump technology (thermal based technologies) is in the emerging phase and can be considered a promising technology. Absorption fuel fired technology and Vuilleumier heat pumps (thermal based technology) both use heat energy and serve both cooling and heating modes. For colder climates where cooling efficiency is offset by a much-improved heating efficiency, these technologies will offer important energy savings despite their lower cooling efficiency. High ambient The high ambient temperature (HAT) condition requires a design at 46°C (T3 in ISO 5151:2014) with appropriate operation up to 52°C ambient temperature. At HAT conditions, the heat load of a conditioned space can be up to six times more than that of moderate climates. Larger capacity refrigeration systems are needed which also implies larger refrigerant charges. As ambient temperatures increase, the system capacity decreases due to higher condensing temperatures and thus compressor discharge temperatures also increase, leading to higher risks of reliability problems. This impacts the efficiency of the system installed, which will lead to a higher energy consumption for the cooling capacity to be provided. HAT product should be specifically designed for HAT conditions, using a refrigerant suitable for that application and should also have all the safety measures incorporated for appropriate operation. Designing to meet the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) in HAT countries is another important factor, as most of these countries have new and upgraded MEPS in place. This requires special design of bigger, more efficient units with an obvious impact on the unit size and cost to meet these new MEPS. Modelling There are a number of models used to calculate data for refrigeration and air conditioning applications, such as (1) thermodynamics based models that calculate energy efficiency and energy consumption, (2) combined thermodynamic, flow and heat transfer models used to 16 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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