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- material and oil compatibility; - material resource efficiency; - impact on equipment volume and weight, energy efficiency and sound produced; - health, safety, (acute and chronic) toxicity and flammability aspects; - training and technical expertise to select and apply alternative refrigerants in the field. These selection criteria were elaborated upon in various chapters of various UNEP RTOC assessment reports, and these selection criteria have not changed during the last years. The future of mankind, and his food supply in particular, depends on the availability of sufficient energy and on the availability of efficient refrigeration methods. Of course, this aspect must be more than balanced by a concern for the conservation of the biosphere, including in particular the global warming effect. Energy efficiency, or using energy efficiently, resulting in low energy consumption and related emissions, is therefore one of the most important aspects. 1.2 Montreal Protocol Developments At the Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Parties (Dubai, 1-5 November 2015), parties decided, through Decision XXVII/6, to request the three Montreal Protocol Assessment Panels to prepare quadrennial assessment reports in 2018, to submit them to the Secretariat by 31 December 2018 for consideration by the Open-ended Working Group and by the Thirty-First Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in 2019, and to present a synthesis report by 30 April 2019. The decision mentioned: To encourage the assessment panels to more closely involve relevant scientists from parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 with a view to promoting gender and regional balance, to the best of its ability, in the work of producing the reports; To encourage the assessment panels to use defined, consistent units and consistent terminology throughout for better comparability; To request the assessment panels to bring to the notice of the parties any significant developments which, in their opinion, deserve such notice. Additionally, the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel and their TOCs were requested, in their 2018 report, to consider the following topics, among others: (a) The impact of the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances on sustainable development; (b) Technical progress in the production and consumption sectors in the transition to alternatives and practices that eliminate or minimize emissions to the atmosphere of ozone-depleting substances, taking into account those factors stipulated in Article 3 of the Vienna Convention; (c) Technically and economically feasible choices for the reduction and elimination of ozone- depleting substances in all relevant sectors, including through the use of alternatives, taking into account their performance, and technically and economically feasible alternatives to ozone- depleting substances in consumption sectors, taking into account their overall performance; (d) The status of banks containing ozone-depleting substances and their alternatives, including those maintained for essential and critical uses, and the options available for handling them; (e) Accounting for production and consumption for various applications and relevant sources of ozone-depleting substances and their alternatives; 1.2.1 The Kigali Amendment After 9 years of intense discussions, the parties to the Montreal Protocol overcame the main obstacles for reaching a consensus decision, and at the 28th Meeting of the Parties on 15 October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda, the parties decided on the Kigali Amendment, with an addition of 18 HFCs as controlled substances under the Montreal Protocol (17 HFCs in a Group I, with HFC-23 22 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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