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• hydrocarbons and blends (HCs, e.g. HC-290, HC-600a, HC-1270 etc.); • hydrofluorocarbons (unsaturated HFCs (HFOs) with a four-digit number, lower GWP HFCs and HFC-HFO blends with 400 and 500 numbers); • water (R-718). For the long term, high-GWP and lower GWP HFCs can continue to be applied, as long as their consumption will remain within a country’s production and consumption limits (in CO2-eq. tonnes), in particular if they are used in HFC-HFO mixtures with a lower GWP. Technologies using the above refrigerant options are in different stages of development or commercialisation. Although high GWP HFCs are (still) widely used in many sectors, low GWP refrigerants are now increasingly being applied. Applications using ammonia and hydrocarbons continue to grow in those sectors where they can be easily accommodated, and for certain applications, CO2 based equipment is under further development, mainly for small store formats, and supermarket refrigeration, where one targets enhancement of efficiency, even at higher ambient temperatures. HFOs are being applied in several applications, mainly in mobile air conditioning and in chillers, and as a “side-use” in other RACHP applications, such as equipment where they can be used as lower GWP HFC-HFO mixtures. Water is being applied and may see some increased use in limited applications. Work is being done by several committees in developing standards to permit the application of flammable refrigerants; it is the intent of companies (via intensive work in standard organisations) to reach world-wide accepted flammability limits to be laid down in the different standards. One can make some clear statements regarding the use lower GWP refrigerants for the long term. Based on the high GWP HFC emphasis, the following substances will not be affected by Kigali Amendment schedules: ammonia (R-717), carbon dioxide (R-744), hydrocarbons, HFOs, and water (R-717). Technologies applying these refrigerants have been commercialised or are in different stages of development. Next to these refrigerants, the refrigerants (i.e., HFCs) that are controlled under the Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment can also be used, however, only in limited CO2-eq. amounts. Applications for these refrigerants are also under development, focusing of the CO2-eq. amounts required for the production of new substances. This situation is likely to lead to increased application of recovery and reuse of refrigerants as they have to be reported under the Montreal Protocol. Similarly, energy efficiency research is partly spurred by the role of energy production and related carbon dioxide emissions. Options for energy efficient operation of equipment are an important issue addressed in each of the chapters of this 2018 RTOC Assessment Report. 1.7 The Technical Options Committee Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps The 2018 RTOC committee includes 40 representatives from Asian, European, Middle-East, Latin and North American companies, universities and governments, as well as independent experts. Affiliations of the members are listed in Table 1-2. The 20 “member countries” of the RTOC membership are given in Table 1-3. The names and email addresses of all members are given in the annex of this RTOC 2018 Assessment Report. 30 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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