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In brief, one can say that the energy consumption of RACHP equipment is related to the efficiency of the conversion process as effectuated in the operation of RACHP equipment and systems. This is also particularly related to the amount of cooling/heating that needs to be provided instantaneously to meet the cooling/heating demand. So, the increase of system and component energy efficiency as well as the reduction of cooling loads form the most important parts of the RACHP energy consumption reduction, a holistic strategy therefore. Improving the efficiency of RACHP systems and reducing the energy consumption to adequately deal with cooling loads is very important for decreasing both the end user costs as well as the societal costs (e.g., investment costs for new plants for electricity generation), and to minimize the environmental impact (i.e., reducing greenhouse gas emissions, associated to energy consumption), in this way delivering cooling and heating energy in a best possible, sustainable way. Due to the importance that RACHP energy consumption is attaining, several reports have been developed and released this year, including the TEAP XXIX/10 Task Force report on energy efficiency issues. An IEA report presents statistics related to the numbers of equipment installed and sold as well as the energy consumption associated, and develops predictions for 2050 based on scenarios modeling (IEA, 2018). Another, recent report addresses specific issues related to the impact of available refrigerants on the energy efficiency of equipment (AFCE, 2018) 1.5 CFC-11 emissions Recently, Montzka et al. (2018) reported an unexpected increase in the CFC-11 stratospheric concentration. This issue raises a question about the illegal production and use of CFC-11, which was the main foam blowing agent used by the industry before the CFC phase-out (in Article 5 countries, this was around 2003-2004). When producing CFC-11 via the usual process route, using CTC as a feedstock, there is a certain associated CFC-12 production; the fraction between the two compounds will vary, dependent on the plant and process (catalyst) conditions. Where this remains somewhat speculative, a possible use of the CFC-12 produced in the (illegal) CFC manufacturing process, might be for the maintenance of CFC-12 based equipment, such as mobile air conditioning. Further, CFC-12 could also be put in containers and being sold for a variety of uses. The CFC-11 issue has been discussed in length during 2018 Montreal Protocol meetings and is currently under evaluation by all relevant Montreal Protocol bodies (see Decision XXX/3: Unexpected emissions of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) in the report of MOP-30, UNEP/OzL.Pro.30/11; XXX/3, where paragraph 2 says: “To request the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel to provide the parties with information on potential sources of emissions of CFC-11 and related controlled substances from potential production and uses, as well as from banks, that may have resulted in emissions of CFC-11 in unexpected quantities in the relevant regions....”). An important issue here is to establish CFC-11 emissions that would originate from known banks in foam products and from CFC-11 chillers that are assumed to be still in operation. 1.6 Long term options In the long term, the role of non-vapour compression methods such as absorption, adsorption, Stirling and air cycles etc. may become more important; however, vapour compression cycles are considered to remain the most important candidates in the near future. For the long term, there remain, in fact, only five important different refrigerant options for the vapour compression cycle in all refrigeration and A/C sectors, listed alphabetically: • ammonia (R-717); • carbon dioxide (R-744); 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 29PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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