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energy value during tests according the current test standards. The new universal test protocol mentioned earlier attempts to improve this situation. • Variable capacity compressors avoid cycle losses and inertial losses through modulating compressor speed and/or swept volume. Use of higher efficiency permanent magnet or linear motors is also enabled by electronic commutation controls. • Intelligent, adaptive controls allow variable control algorithms that avoid optimising at seldom-experienced worst-case conditions (e.g. variable defrost algorithms). • Parallel dual evaporators can improve energy efficiency by effectively reducing required pressure ratios of the higher temperature evaporator. Cost–effective, reliable and stable system controls need to be demonstrated. • Advanced vacuum panel insulation concepts have been selectively used for several years in Japan, Western Europe and the United States. Their premium cost has constrained extension to general use. • Power line load management (Smart Grid) features of domestic refrigerators reduce energy service provider’s peak load demands. Typically, such a feature on electronic models responds to the power company request for reduced energy consumption. . Consequently, the appliances may postpone heated defrost, delay ice harvests or delay the start of a compressor for short periods. The application of such load management features to domestic refrigeration market is ramping up very slowly since the consumer benefit is marginal. 3.2.6 Product energy efficiency improvement for tumble dryers For HPCDs, the inclusion of a heat pump on itself is a major energy saving technology compared to conventional laundry dryers. Current energy saving option is predominantly related to optimisation of the heat pump system in combination with the air circulation system. 3.3 Options for existing domestic refrigerators Non-Article 5 countries completed conversions of new equipment production to non-ozone depleting substances (ODSs) more than 15 years ago. Later, a number of Article 5 countries also completed their conversion, e.g. India by 2003. Therefore, most products containing ozone depleting refrigerants are now approaching the end of their life cycle. Field conversion to non-ODS refrigerants has significantly lagged original equipment conversion. The distributed and individual proprietor character of the service industry is a barrier to coordinated efforts to convert from ODS refrigerants. Field service procedures typically use originally specified refrigerants. Refrigerant blends developed specifically for use as drop-in service alternatives have had limited success. The interested reader is referred to the 1998 report of this committee for an extended discussion of field repair and conversion options (UNEP, 1998). 3.3.1 HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze as alternatives to HFC-134a Several retrofit tests on HFC-134a based domestic refrigerators have been reported applying HFO /HFC blends (Allgood et al, 2014; Aprea et al., 2016a; Aprea et al., 2016b, Aprea et al. 2017a; Aprea et al., 2017b; Bellman-Flores et al., 2017). From these studies, it may be stated that the use of HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze and blends of HFO-1234yf/HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze/HFC-134a is feasible as possible drop-in refrigerant and the energy consumptions may also be comparable. However, one has to consider all safety issues with respect to using flammable refrigerants, much more significantly for retrofits. Any 72 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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