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LCCP assessment based on such drop-in studies should only be performed in relation to optimised systems. 3.4 End-of-life disposal The small unit charge and the geographically dispersed location of these units complicate commercial opportunities to promote recovery and recycling initiatives to manage emissions from disposed units. Regulations for mandatory end-of-life refrigerant handling have existed in many developed countries for several years and are being introduced in Article 5 countries. Chapter 11 of this report addresses this and related conservation approaches. Interest in conservation programmes is leveraged by the 1 to 2 kg of foam blowing agents typically present in a domestic refrigerator. For HPCDs, similar recovery and recycling technologies apply for refrigerant and lubricant as for domestic refrigeration systems, although there is no adequate experience in this emerging segment. 3.5 Concluding remarks HC-600a (predominantly) and HFC-134a continue to be the refrigerant options for new production. No other new refrigerant has matured to become an energy-efficient and cost competitive alternative. Conversion of new domestic refrigerator productions to non-ODS refrigerants in Article 5 countries occurred over a span of five to seventeen years ago. Migration to second generation non-ODS refrigerant from HFC-134a to HC-600a in new product production is occurring driven by local regulations and Kigali amendment. This migration is now occurring, not only non-Article 5 countries but also in Article 5 countries including Brazil, Mexico. With the maturing of this technology, this trend will proliferate. The North American domestic refrigerator manufacturing industries have committed to phase down HFC-134a in domestic refrigerators and freezers by 2024, with HC-600a as the leading candidate. The heat pump clothes (laundry) dryer (HPCD) is rapidly growing in the EU. These are still predominantly based on HFC-134a. HPCDs using HC-290 are available in the market. Additional low GWP refrigerant solutions using R-744, HC-600a and HFOs are still in the exploration phase. 3.6 References AHAM, The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, AHAM 7001-2014/CSA SPE- 7001-14/UL 7001, Sustainability Standard for Household Refrigeration Appliances (2015) Allgood, C.C., Hydutsky, B., Leck, T.J. and Hughes, J., July 14-17 2014. Long term viability of HFO-1234yf in stationary refrigeration systems – Multi-year evaluation of refrigerant, lubricant and compressor performance in a domestic freezer, p 269-277, Proceedings of 15th International Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Conference, Purdue. Aprea C., Greco A.and Maiorino A., 2016a. An experimental investigation on the substitution of HFC-134a with HFO-1234yf in a domestic refrigerator, Appl. Thermal Eng. 106, 959–967 Aprea C., Grecob A., Maiorino A., Masselli C. and Metallo A., 2016b. HFO-1234ze as drop-in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators: an environmental impact analysis, Energy Procedia 101, 964 – 971 Aprea, C., Greco, A., Maiorino, A., 2017a. Comparative performance analysis of HFO1234ze/HFC134a binary mixtures working as a drop-in of HFC134a in a domestic refrigerator. Int. J. Refrigeration, 71-82. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 73PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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