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in Chapter 4 of this RTOC report. The motivation seems to be primarily based on concern about restrictions on HFCs rather than the immediate effect of the current rules (Anon, 2010), which are mainly aimed at commercial and mobile air-conditioning. In the industrial sector it is likely that the adoption of R-717 and R-744 by users who previously deployed HCFC-22 and HFC blends, will reduce the energy-related GWP through increased efficiency as well as eliminating the direct global warming potential caused by refrigerant leakage. Especially outside Europe and warmer climates cascade make better sense than R-744 only systems in industrial applications energy wise, but other considerations may alter this in favour of an HFC solution on the high stage. In some regions with hot climates (HAT, see chapter 13) new solutions using non-traditional solutions can come in to play when the cost of energy becomes a topic. In some cases you can use rivers or lakes with a flow as heat sink parts of the year or all year. What is also often neglected is the possible use of sea water as heat sink. Also machines for desalination can provide cooling while evaporating water for potable water production. The technologies are not new just not always connected to use all options. Cold water can be distributed from large tanks distributed strategically underground to avoid sun radiation. A more wide spread use of cooling towers and evaporative condensers in warm and dry climates will give a great boost to the energy efficiency, because the condensing temperature can be kept close to the wet bulb temperature. In many parts of the world, it is possible to use sea-water for sea water resistant cooling towers. River and lake water not usable as a potable water source can also be used for cooling the condensers. With a wider use of district cooling and heating systems the term waste heat will get a different meaning. What is waste heat in one place can be a precious heat source in other areas. In the future we cannot afford to throw away heat if it can be used by others if we are to achieve the carbon free energy future. Further discussion of sustainable manufacture is provided in chapter 11. 5.1.3 Refrigeration Industrial refrigeration systems are characterised by heat extraction rates in the range of 100 kW to 30 MW and in some cases even much more, typically at evaporating temperatures from –50oC to +20oC. There is some overlap at the lower end of the capacity scale with commercial and transport refrigeration for shops, restaurants and institutions: industrial systems in this sub-sector are characterised by the complexity of the design and the nature of the installation (NH3 as working fluid). The size of the industrial refrigeration market is difficult to assess because it covers such a broad range of applications but look at the many market research companies’ statements gives an estimate in 2023 to be in between US$ 38 and 41 billion. Some useful insights can be gained from consideration of the market for evaporative condensers, as they are used for heat rejection in the majority of large installations. Data for 2009 was analysed for three global regions; Europe / Russia, North America and India / China. It is assumed that the value of the condenser accounts for 5% of the selling price of the refrigeration system – analysis of a wide range of projects showed that the value of the condenser is in the range 3% - 7% of the total refrigeration contract value. Evaporative condenser manufacturers also report that 90% of the condensers sold in Europe, Russia, India and China are for R-717 systems. In North America the proportion is even higher, at 95% (RTOC, 2009). The balance is used on HCFC-22, R-404A, R-507A or occasionally HFC- 134a. The results are shown in table 5-2. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 99PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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