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2,500 tonnes, in 2008. This constitutes 80% of the total refrigerant bank in Saudi Arabia for industrial refrigeration applications. The remaining 20% is distributed between R-717, R-404A, HFC-134a and some CFCs. The phasing-out of R-502 and the harsh high ambient temperatures in the region for a large part of the year coupled with the scarcity of water have resulted in the use of small capacity air-cooled condensing units operating on HCFC-22 in many industrial systems. R-717 systems are few and are used for large applications such as food processing plants, large cold stores and large industrial cooling processes. There is now a growing trend to use CO2 in cascade systems using e.g., R717 on the warm side of the system in warm climates. This enables the user to reduce the R717 charge to about 10% or less of the original charge by substituting it with R744. CFC refrigeration systems are still in operation although most are near the end of their operational life and need to be replaced. In Southern Africa almost all large systems use R-717 and, although R-744 has been tested in some supermarkets, R-7444 has not been used in industrial applications. In smaller industrial systems HCFC-22 is almost universally used, and the most common alternative is R-404A. In many Article 5 countries there is a big growth of the food chain lately, especially in India and China but also in the rest of Asia, Africa and South America generally. With the growth in economy there is a demand for fresh and safe food to be supplied through the supermarkets. This also puts pressure upstream all the way to the producer. In the seafood sector it will not be acceptable to sail out without some kind of cooling of the catch and the traceability and temperature records will become mandatory in the future to ensure food safety for the consumer. 5.1.4 Heat pumps Heat pumps are often associated with space heating in households and offices. But heat pumps are much more than just space heating and district heating. Heat pumps are used for industrial processes where you can recover surplus heat or waste heat and use it for heating a process or preheating process fluids. Industrial heat pump systems have heat delivery rates from 100 kW to over 100 MW, with the heat source usually at ambient temperature or the waste heat temperature of an industrial process. These systems are usually required to deliver higher temperatures than domestic or commercial heat pumps used for space or water heating as described in chapter 8. Typical heating temperatures are in the range 60oC to 90oC, although, if the recovered heat is to be used for steam heating, then it needs to be at least at 130oC level. Research on systems producing heating at more than 180oC is going on with water as a working fluid using vapour recompression systems. Heat recovered from large industrial systems is usually transferred to water or a heat transfer fluid and used for heating hot tap water and process heating and cleaning processes or for supply to district heating systems. There is no single component of the system that can be identified and tracked to give an indication of the overall market size, because the compressors could equally be used in other industrial systems and the condenser will be a bespoke design suited to the heating application – most probably a fluid heater such as a plate and frame heat exchanger or shell and tube pressure vessel. The market is probably around 5% of the industrial refrigeration market in Europe, and less in North America, India and China. Market Intelligence Company reports are mainly focused on smaller systems for domestic and light commercial applications. However, the company Technavio has estimated the global Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for industrial heat pumps to be 5% for the years 2017- 2021 (Technavio, 2017). 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 101PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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