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of 20 kW (noting that modules are often multiplexed to provide greater capacities). Although systems produced before 2000 tended to use HCFC-22, there has since been a growing increase in the use of R-407C and R-410A even in A 5 countries, with typical charge levels of 0.30 – 0.70 kg/kW of cooling. Approximately 1.2 million systems are produced each year (Gloёl et al, 2014; JRAIA, 2018) of which one quarter go to non-Article 5 countries and three-quarters to Article 5 countries. The installed population is estimated to be around 7 million. Figure 7-9: Example arrangement of multisplit equipment 7.2.4 Split ducted air conditioners (residential and commercial) Ducted, split residential air conditioners are typical of residential installations in North, Central and South America, but also used in other countries where central forced-air heating systems necessitate the installation of a duct system that supplies air to each room of a residence or small zones within commercial or institutional buildings. A condensing unit (compressor/heat exchanger), outside the conditioned space, supplies refrigerant to one or more indoor coils (heat exchangers) installed within the duct system or air handler Air in the conditioned space is cooled or heated by passing over the coil and is distributed to the conditioned spaces by the duct system. Systems can in principle be designed as reversible types, although for this category of ducted air conditioners it is done less frequently. An example is provided in Figure 7-10. Compressor types typically include hermetic rotary, reciprocating and scrolls. The most common refrigerant in these systems was HCFC-22 until the period 2005-2010, although over the past few years the majority has transferred to R-410A and R-407C. For residential systems, capacities range from 5 kW to 17.5 kW (average size around 10 kW) and each has an average HCFC-22 charge of 0.26 to 0.35 kg per kW of capacity. For commercial systems, capacities range from 7 to 1,100 kW with a current annual output of about 12 million units (Gloёl et al, 2014; JRAIA, 2018), with about one- third in Article 5 and two-thirds in non-Article 5 countries. The estimated installed population is around 150 million. Figure 7-10: Example air handler (left) and condenser (right) for ducted split system 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 137PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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