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designs. Single splits often position the expansion device also within the condensing/outdoor unit. Compressors are typically hermetic rotary, scroll or reciprocating type; high energy saving potential comes from introducing inverter technology is currently used in about half of new mini- split units but only about 10% of others. Reversible air conditioners (heat pumps) are gaining market acceptance in cool and cold climates where they are used primarily for heating but also provide cooling during summer operation. These units are designed to provide high efficiency and capacity at low ambient temperatures; typically down to -30°C. Reversible air conditioners are the way to reduce indirect CO2 emissions by providing an efficient and cost effective alternative to electric resistance and fossil fuel heating. Heat pumps designed for cold climates utilize one or more technologies to improve their low ambient performance. These technologies include, multi-stage or variable speed compression, larger heat exchangers and enhanced control strategies. The vast majority of mini-split residential and commercial air conditioners manufactured prior to 2000 used HCFC-22 refrigerant. Mini-split air conditioners have average HCFC-22 charge levels of approximately 0.25 to 0.30 kg per kW of cooling capacity. The majority of non-ODP refrigerants that have been applied to these products are HFC blends such as R-410A and R- 407C, whilst HFC-134a has been more dominant in regions that experience high ambient conditions. The current global market for these types of split systems is around 75 million units per year (Gloёl et al, 2014; JRAIA, 2018), with approximately 20% going to non-Article 5 countries and 80% to Article 5 countries. The installed population is estimated to be around 1,000 million units. Figure 1-5: Outdoor Figure 7-6: Indoor Figure 7-7: Indoor Figure 7-8: Indoor condensing unit wall unit ceiling cassette floor/wall unit 7.2.3 Multi-split air conditioners for commercial and residential Another type of products are multi-split; essentially the same as a single split (as described above) but a single condensing unit may feed two or more indoor units, although 50 indoor units can be used with over 1 km of piping; see Figure 7-9. Whilst dual indoor unit models may be used for residential applications, this category of split systems is more often used in commercial buildings. Specific refrigerant charges tend from around 0.3 kg/kW upwards, depending upon the installation characteristics. As with single splits, non-ducted and ducted multi-splits also offer reversible (heating) options. VRF systems are a sub-category of the multi-split air conditioning systems and are distinguished from regular multi-split systems by their ability to modulate the refrigerant flow in response to the system demand. The outdoor air conditioning unit can adjust the refrigerant flow in response to the demand from each indoor unit. In some configurations, these systems can have independent cooling or heating functionality for each indoor unit thus simultaneously heat and cool separate indoor spaces. The outdoor unit modulates the total refrigerant flow using various compressor capacity control methodologies, with compressor types generally being rotary or scroll type. VRF systems have capacities ranging from 10 kW to over 150 kW, with an average (module) capacity 136 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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