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Heat Pump Water Heaters (HPWH) Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a category of heat pumps designed to heat domestic and other service (hot) water to temperatures between 50 and 90°C. These operating temperatures must be considered when selecting the refrigerant to be applied. Space Heating Heat Pumps A space heating heat pump is normally optimised for comfort heating. Comfort heating heats the room by heating water for distribution to an air handling unit, a radiator or an under-floor panel. The required water temperature depends on the type of emitter: - for under-floor heating the temperature is typically ranging from 25 to 35°C; - for air handling units the temperature is typically around 45°C; - for radiator heating the temperature is typically ranging from 55 to 65°C; - for high temperature radiators the temperature is typically ranging from 65 to 80°C. Combined Space and Hot Water Heat Pumps Combined water heating and space heating heat pumps have two functions: supplying domestic hot water as well as providing space heating. Several configurations of combined water and space heating heat pumps exist in order to optimise the seasonal energy efficiency for a specific application. Capacity Ranges of Water and Space Heating Heat Pumps Table 8-2 shows the most common heating capacity ranges as offered by single units of each type of water and space heating heat pumps described above. Table 8-2: Water and space heating heat pump capacity ranges Heat pump type Heat pump water heater Space heating heat pump Combined water and space heating heat pump 8.2.2 Energy efficiency considerations Capacity Range (kW) 1.5 – 50 4 – 400 6 – 45 In Europe, Japan and the US, legislation is now in place to establish minimum energy efficiency values for water and space heating heat pumps. While this legislation limits the types of heat pumps that can be placed on the market (as some will fall below a required minimum efficiency), it has helped to increase the average efficiency of the units installed. In the EU, energy efficiency requirements for space heating heat pumps (EU regulation 813/2013) are based on seasonal efficiency, for an “average” European climate with a design ambient temperature at -10°C, including standby losses. As of September 2017, all space heating heat pumps shall have an energy efficiency of 110%. For low temperature space heating heat pumps, it shall be 125%. For electric driven heat pumps, a “conversion coefficient” of 2.5 has been fixed, reflecting the estimated 40% “EU efficiency” of electricity generation, as referred to in directive 2012/27/EU. For electrically driven space heating heat pumps, this results in a seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) of 2.75 and 3.125, respectively (i.e., referring to the 110% and 125% efficiency). The seasonal efficiency is based on a specific temperature pattern and includes standby energy losses. For heat pump water heaters, the requirements are less 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 157PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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