PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 171
restrictive, except for larger systems having restrictions as of September 2018. For the moment, there is no drastic impact resulting from energy efficiency requirements that could limit the refrigerants currently used. In China, the government is strongly promoting a coal-to-electricity policy to reduce fossil fuel heating (JARN, 2017; JARN, 2018). There is a strong demand for heat pumps suitable to operate down to -25 and -30°C ambient temperature as well as heat pumps delivering water at temperatures up to 60°C, while maintaining good energy efficiency (JARN, 2018). 8.2.3 Safety considerations The international standard IEC60335-2-40 specifies safety requirements for heat pumps including the use of flammable refrigerants. Toxicity requirements are covered by ISO 5149-1. Besides the safety issues as specified in the standard, regulations may be applicable that limit the use of refrigerant quantities both from a flammability as well as from a toxicity point of view. Certain countries have put in place specific building regulations prohibiting or limiting the use of flammable or highly toxic refrigerants. Some of these regulations are under revision with the aim of setting less restrictive requirements to the use of flammable or highly toxic refrigerants. Moreover, a new revision of IEC60335-2-40 was published in 2017 offering new options for the use of A2L flammable refrigerants. Under IEC61D, working group 16 is preparing new options for the use of A2 and A3 class refrigerants. This working group is mainly focusing its work on air-to-air air-conditioners, but some of these options may also be applicable to water and space heating heat pumps. 8.3 Refrigerant options for new equipment In most non-Article 5 countries, the transfer to non-ODS refrigerants was completed several years ago. However, in some Article 5 countries, HCFC-22 is still in use for high and moderate temperature water and space heating heat pumps (JARN, 2018), based on its favourable thermodynamic properties that result in high efficiency for heat pump applications, In the 2014 RTOC Assessment Report, the following refrigerants were reported as options for new water and space heating heat pumps: HFC-32, HFC-134a, R-407C, R-410A, R-417A, HFC- 1234yf, new HFC/HFO blends, HC-290, HC-600a, R-744 and R-717. To date no additional options have been published, except that, in general, some new lower GWP HFC/HFO blends are proposed; however, their potential use for water and space heating heat pumps has not yet been clarified. The different options are described below. Developments are underway to broaden the use of R-744 and HC-refrigerant based water and space heating heat pumps. R-744 heat pump water heaters are already established products on the Japanese market, with growing market shares in different parts of the world, including Europe, China, Australia and North America. In Europe, there is a strong need to apply refrigerants that yield lower charges, resulting in a reduction of the CO2 equivalent units, when weights are multiplied by the GWPs that apply. Due to the quota limitations in the EU, based on CO2 equivalent units, the price and availability of high GWP refrigerants become important selection criteria. On the other hand, the change-over to lower GWP refrigerants generally requires a redesign of the equipment including the major components such as the compressor. The following items make it a difficult and time-consuming task to switch over to lower GWP substances: - mitigation of flammability risks, as most low GWP refrigerants are flammable - design changes required to maintain the same operating range and performance - availability of components at a competitive price level. 158 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
PDF Search Title:
Heat Pumps Technical OptionsOriginal File Name Searched:
RTOC-assessment-report-2018_0.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)