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refrigerant had been selected for commercialization. Four years later we find that significant progress has been made and products using lower GWP refrigerants are available today in the market place, albeit only a small fraction is being sold. The refrigerants used in this early market phase may not be the final choice. Another major investment is required by equipment manufacturers who completed a changeover to the current generation of refrigerants only a few years ago. It will take time to change full product lines, and discontinue existing product lines. Refrigerant and product availability and cost, competition among manufacturers, government regulation and incentives, and safety codes and standards relating to the use of flammable refrigerants may hasten or retard the adoption of low GWP refrigerants. All other considerations aside, to be acceptable, new refrigerants must result in products with energy efficiencies that are equal to or better than the refrigerants replaced. There are two reasons for this. First, customers are demanding higher performance from chillers, driven by the ever- increasing cost of energy and government regulations in many regions. Secondly, the global warming effects from chillers are dominated by their energy consumption over the life of the equipment. Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI), Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) and Life-Cycle Warming Impact (LCWI) models typically show that more than 95% of the climate effect is due to energy consumption, not refrigerant emissions (Calm, 2006). It follows that the use of higher performing chillers is more important to climate change than prematurely changing to another refrigerant with lower efficiency. In all regions, there is a demand for higher performance chillers and the systems that use them, at both full and partial load. Manufacturers continue to refine their designs by offering newly designed compressors, some with advanced impellers, screw rotors, and scroll involutes, along with the use of variable speed drives, permanent magnet motors, suction line heat exchangers, increased subcooling, economizers, and more sophisticated control systems. There also continues to be expanded offerings of oil free centrifugal compressors that use magnetic or ceramic bearings. This is notable as it may avoid some of the issues associated with moving to alternative refrigerants and the lubricants that are needed in conventional compressors. The ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP) and other refrigerant properties are given in Chapter 2. Chapter 2 includes a description of the issues associated with changing refrigerants, including safety aspects 9.2 Types of equipment and components 9.2.1 Air and water cooled chillers Figures 9-1, 9-2, and 9-3 shown below represent several common chiller types. While a change in refrigerants is now becoming more certain than ever, a change in technology is not. Mechanical vapour compression technology using centrifugal, screw, scroll and reciprocating (piston) compressors dominates all chiller types. Major improvements in compressors, heat exchangers, controls and other components are common, thanks to the R&D efforts by manufacturers and suppliers, and research efforts that they may sponsor with third parties. There has been little substantive progress towards commercialization of magnetic refrigeration, thermo-acoustic or other not-in-kind technologies that may have the potential for significant displacement of vapour compression in chillers (see Chapter 12). With the exception of absorption chillers (see Chapter 12), most remain in the R&D stage. Absorption chillers have been commercially applied for decades. They are part of the global mix of chillers particularly where there is a low cost source of high temperature waste heat, favourable gas-to-electric prices or utility incentives. There are a number of products that use vapour compression technology, but use non-fluorinated refrigerants, 170 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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