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and manufacture the equipment. In that sense it is a more comprehensive measure than Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI), discussed below. The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) has released a spreadsheet and a manual for the calculation of the Life Cycle Climate Performance and comparison of a system in different climate zones. With the tool CO2 emissions from production of the unit to the end of working life can be calculated. However, it does not cover the waste handling e.g. incineration of contaminated refrigerant. The LCCP tool includes some of the energy use (and related CO2 emissions) associated with the production of the unit, however, some other items are not included, such as the one related to the energy used for mining the ore and energy for melting the original metals. Recycling of the compressor and motors, not covered by the IIR model, is a topic of its own that can help save energy and hence GHG emissions on the one side. Using the LCCP analysis will necessarily lead to different rankings for refrigerant selection based on the application. Hwang (2007) provided an example in 2007 where, for walk-in refrigeration systems, R-410A provided higher LCCP CO2 impact vs. indirect/secondary loop R-290 systems when the leakage rate was maintained below 10%. This may seem to some as counterintuitive since the GWP of the refrigerants are vastly different. On the other hand, there are various examples in the market that indirect systems can very well be operated in an energy-efficient and competitive manner. Possibilities for optimization exist e.g. by using NH3, R290 as efficient refrigerants and secondary fluids, or CO2 as a liquid to avoid suction line losses in branched systems and to eliminate overheating in the evaporators. In the MAC, chiller and supermarket sector, systems have been introduced that allow indirect cooling by thermal management for system integration and optimization, which can ultimately result in significantly lower LCCP values. In other words, the selection of a refrigerant is not only dependent on the LCCP of the refrigeration system, but on the total energy balance of the entire energy-consuming system. LCCP analysis may be used, for example, to support requests to government agencies for the use of costly features based on improved environmental impact. This provides an effective tool for driving improvements in application level GWP in areas where energy efficiency and recycling are not otherwise regulated. In the absence of energy regulations or initiatives, the market does not reflect the need for reduced GWP at the power provider. Several computer programs have been developed to perform LCCP calculations. IIR LCCP Working Group Calculation Tool The LCCP Evaluation Working Group at The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) has developed and maintains an software tool and LCCP Guidelines (Troch, 2015). Some of the values in the LCCP calculation from IIR are difficult to find, especially if one uses different refrigerants than those included in the manual. GreenMAC LCCP Tool General Motors, the Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association, the SAE International and the US EPA developed together the GreenMAC LCCP© model (Papasavva et al., 2010). . Using GreenMAC LCCP, Papasavva showed that HFO-1234yf provides a clear advantage over either the baseline HFC-134a or CO2 (R744) (Papasavva and Moomaw, 2014). AHRTI LCCP Tool for Residential AC This is a Microsoft Excel based program for residential heat pump systems. The annual energy consumption for heat pump operation is calculated using input performance data at several operating points as defined in AHRI Standard 210/240. With appropriate input, the program can handle different heat pump systems, refrigerants, locations, and CO2 emission profiles of power 212 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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