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Some of those technologies control both sensible and latent heat independently. This is an added advantage when compared to vapour compression. It is important to note that some NIK technologies, although they seem to have little energy savings in their cooling mode such as absorption refrigeration, however, have an important role to play as an alternative technology because they operate on low grade energy such as natural gas, reject heat, etc. In addition, they are used regularly during peak hours for reducing peak electrical power consumption and in summer for increasing gas turbine performance of power stations. It must be emphasized that the energy savings referred to are not necessarily definite and may change. Comparing technologies on an energy saving scale, only, may be misleading, as there are multiple arrangements made in each case such as intrinsic heat exchanger efficiencies, cycle management strategies and a wide range of experimental data. Therefore, a comprehensive and fair comparison among NIK technologies is not currently conclusive; this comparison should be taken as definite superlative comparison. Overall, efficiencies of the majority of NIK technologies are still evolving. 12.3 Alternative technologies to vapour compression The US Department of Energy published a study in 2014 (Goetzler, 2014) that looked into alternative NIK technologies to vapour compression for space heating and space cooling. The study did not look into refrigeration NIK technologies. The study classified alternative NIK technologies according to their energy saving potential. ASHRAE Journal published a technical feature article in 2014 (ASHRAE, 2014) that looked into the study and provided some insight on its findings. The classification is divided into three groups according to their particular driving energy. Those are: - - - Thermally Based. Electro- mechanical Based. Solid state Based. Some of the technologies looked at were discarded because they were either low in efficiency or capacity or were still in an early stage of development. The remaining 17 technologies are considered viable alternatives for vapour compression. Those technologies are listed in Table 12-2. In the text, technologies are classified as follows: : At least one company is producing it. : Available at more than one company. : Has passed R&D phase and is now established prior to commercial availability. R&D: In the research and development phase not yet totally established. 12.3.1 Solid state based technologies: 12.3.1.1 Magnetocaloric: Development Status: Commercially available Commercially Available Widely Commercially Available Emerging 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 237PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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