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Thermotunneling technology is a development of thermoelectric technology to improve energy efficiency. Thermotunneling technology is more efficient than thermoelectric and is claimed to be superior to mechanical vapour compression by about 30 % (Dieckmann, 2011; Dieckmann, 2011b). Thermotunneling technology is an emerging technology not yet mature except in small cooling applications of 50 W and less. 12.3.2 Electro-mechanical technologies 12.3.2.1 Brayton cycle heat pump: Development status: R&D for building space air conditioning Development Status: Available for transportation, refrigeration and process The Brayton cycle concept is not new and has been commercialized for use in aircraft air conditioning systems, in the liquefaction of natural gas to transport from upstream liquefaction plants to degasify and pump downstream to consumers. It has also been used in lower temperature refrigeration in applications such as batch blast freezing and freezing tunnels as well as low temperature cold storage and cryogenic cooling. Brayton cycle technology has a lower COP compared to base line MVC, at 1.3 to 1.6 (Butler, 2001), but is the preferred cooling and heating technology for applications where reliability is paramount and where low maintenance is required compared to baseline MVC. It is likely to remain a viable option for transportation cooling (aircrafts, trains, ships), process and industrial low temperature cooling. 12.3.2.2 Evaporative cooling: Development status: Widely commercially available Direct evaporative cooling is an established cooling technology for low humidity ambient. Indirect evaporative cooling allows cooling the air stream without raising its humidity, even in higher humidity ambient and allow using the system in hybrid arrangements with other cooling systems, thus improving efficiency. This expands the use of evaporative cooling; improve the efficiency of hybrid systems while reducing water consumption. indirect evaporative cooling has the potential of achieving COPs of up to 27. It is a marked improvement over many systems in energy efficiency. Modular capacities available are; 13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 104 and 156 kW (3.7, 7.4, 11, 17.8, 22.2, 29.6 and 44.35 TR). Many manufacturers produce indirect evaporative cooling in various designs configurations. Water consumption is an important factor in regions where water is scarce, although modern indirect evaporative cooling units utilizes reduced water consumption 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 239PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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