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rates compared to early models. Several manufacturers in the USA, Europe, India, China, the Middle East and Australia produce indirect evaporative cooling systems. Refrigeration capacities are somewhat limited because of the large geometric sizes of air handling units housing indirect evaporative cooling systems (Kozubal, 2012; SWEEP/DoE, 2004; SWEEP/WCEC, 2007). 12.3.2.3 Membrane heat pump: Development status: R&D Membrane technology for air conditioning provide dehumidification of the space using a special polymer membrane to separated moisture from air. The dehumidified air is either cooled or heated to reduce energy consumption. Polymer membranes were developed originally for the filtration and purification of sea and brackish water or for enthalpy wheels for recovering exhaust air (ARPA, 2013; Dais, 2012). 12.3.2.4 Thermoacoustic: Development status: R&D Thermoacoustic technology uses sound waves to cool or heat air. The sound waves have pressure oscillations, which cause gas to compress and expand. Compressed gas heats up while expanded gas cools down. There are two types of thermoacoustic units: standing wave and travelling wave. A noble gas is used in those units. A cryogenic freezer is the only thermoacoustic product commercially available at present. Thermoacoustic technology is better suited for refrigeration applications rather than for air conditioning. Efficiency figures are not yet available although it is thought that there will be saving in energy consumption in refrigeration applications, especially in supermarkets (ARPA, 2013b). 240 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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