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Table 12-1: Eight NIK Technologies with a minimum of 15% energy savings compared to vapour compression Source: ASHRAE journal, October 2014, Technical Feature Section: “Alternative to Vapour-Compression HVAC Technology. By: William Goetzler, member ASHRAE and Robert Zogg, Jim Young and Caitlin Johnson. a Per installation, based on primary energy and year-round operation (heating and cooling), where applicable. b Compared to vapour compression. c These two technologies were ranked highest in the DoE study. 12.5 Conclusions Plans are underway for assembling a one TR (3.52 kW) window air conditioner prototype operating on thermoelastic technology, at the University of Maryland, USA. In the US DoE’s ARPA-e and the DoD Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, one manufacturer developed a one TR (3.52 kW) prototype space-conditioning system that operates on Membrane Heat Pump technology using this two-stage, latent and sensible stages technology. The manufacturer predicts an EER of 26 Btu/W.hr or greater (Olama, 2014). Absorption heat pumps are commercially available and have an inherent advantage since they can operate on low grade heat thus saving precious on peak electric power. Evaporative cooling has always been an attractive alternative in hot-dry conditions, although indirect and direct evaporative cooling can be used in both dry and humid hot conditions; reason is that its water consumption rates have improved. Evaporative liquid desiccant technology, a R&D technology, also consumes water and careful selection is needed in regions where water is scarce. Ground coupled solid desiccant AC is also a R&D technology and uses low grade thermal energy. Magnetocaloric technology is commercially available for commercial refrigeration applications, although only one company claims production. It can therefore not be considered as widely commercially available. Vuilleumier heat pump technologies are in the emerging phase and are definitely promising technologies. Absorption fuel-fired technology as well as Vuilleumier heat pumps use low grade energy and serve both cooling and heating modes. For colder climates, where cooling efficiency is offset by a 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 247PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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