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much greater heating efficiency, those technologies will offer important energy savings despite their lower cooling efficiency. Table 12-2: NIK Technologies, development Status and short description Type Development Status Description A-Solid State Based Technologies: Magnetocaloric Commercially available Magnetocaloric effect is the basis of this technology, where paramagnetic materials shows reversible temperature change if exposed to a changing magnetic field. Ex : commercial refr. display units. Thermoelectric Widely commercially available Based on thermoelectric Peltier effect of different material, when voltage is applied across them a thermal gradient occurs. Used for larger size applications. Plans to develop a window air conditioner. A car air conditioning prototype is planned. Thermotunneling technology is a development of Thermotunneling R&D thermoelectric technology to improve energy efficiency. B- Electro-Mechanical Based Technologies: Brayton Cycle heat pump R&D for building space air conditioning Available for transportation, refr. and process cooling Used in aircraft air conditioning systems, in the liquefaction of natural gas to transport from upstream liquefaction plants to degasify and pump downstream to consumers. Also in blast freezing and freezing tunnels and low temperature clod storage and cryogenic cooling. Evaporative cooling Widely commercially available Indirect evaporative cooling allows cooling the air stream without raising its humidity and allows using the system in hybrid arrangements with other cooling systems. This expands its use, improves its efficiency while reducing water consumption Membrane heat pump R&D Membrane technology for air conditioning provide dehumidification of space using a special polymer membrane to separated moisture from air. To reduce energy consumption, the dehumidified air can either be cooled or heated. Thermoacoustic R&D Thermoacoustic technology uses sound waves to cool or heat air. The sound waves have pressure oscillations, which causes gas to compress and expand. Compressed gas heats up while expanded gas cools down. Thermoelastic R&D Shape Memory Alloys, when mechanically stressed will reject heat. The phenomena is reversible and SMA absorb heat as they return to their original shape. Ex: air conditioning cars seats, spot cooling for electronics equipment, portable refrigerators, wine cabinets, water coolers. 248 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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