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Heat Pumps Technology Guide SEAI As heat pumps have much lower flow and return temperatures than natural gas boilers, the mean radiator temperature is generally much lower than in boiler-fed systems, therefore the radiators often need to be larger. Standard steel radiators can be used with heat pumps, but they must have around three to seven times the output of a traditional boiler system, to allow for the lower flow temperature. This higher output can be achieved by increasing the length or height of a radiator, by increasing the number of panels, or by adding convector fins. Radiators are sized to meet the heating requirement of the space in which they are located, using manufacturers’ data for the appropriate smaller temperature difference (typical of heat pump systems). The manufacturers’ data is presented in tables of heat output at the lower temperature difference, or a conversion factor is provided to use with the data on heat output from standard boilers. The design process includes how the radiators will be mounted, e.g. wall-mounted or trench-heated. 4.2.2. Low-temperature radiators There are radiator types designed for higher heat output at low temperatures. Aluminium radiators provide better conductivity, and therefore higher heat output per area, than traditional steel radiators. This means that aluminium radiators can be more compact. However, they are usually more expensive. Radiators can be passive or active emitters. Passive radiators circulate air by free convection and are usually used in domestic properties. Active radiators force air flow by using fans. Radiators can be for heating only, or both heating and cooling. Fan-assisted active radiators for heating and cooling generally need two hydraulic circuits. Fan-assisted radiators are either wall-mounted or used in trench-heating systems (radiators in a trench around the periphery of a space, particularly at windows). Trench-heating radiators are suited to providing heating under large areas of glazing such as facades, either as the main source of heat or to supplement another heat emitter. 4.3. Hydronic underfloor heating Figure 14: Installation of underfloor heating minimise downward heat loss for different room types (according to BS EN 1264, the standard for designing underfloor heating). 19 Wet (also known as hydronic) underfloor heating involves laying loops of plastic pipes (usually between 10 mm and 20 mm outside diameter) through which water is pumped. The pipes are either located inside a concrete floor or in grooved aluminium plates within a floor screed. The pipes are arranged in loops connected back to manifolds. A room can have one or more loops controlled by a thermostat. It is important that there is insulation under the heated screed to minimise downwards heat losses. Table 1 sets out the minimum level of floor insulation (m2·K/W) required toPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technology Guide
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