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IEA Implementing Agreements Heat Pump Programme – Annex 35 Industrial Energy-related Systems and Technologies – Annex 13 on magnetic bearings seem to be the most promising technology. Discussions with the compressor manufacturers, and the numerical simulations show that the COP can be increased up to 80 % if such a compressor is integrated on a water heat pump. The price of this prototype compressor is very high, but it should decrease with the development of the market. Thus, the payoff would be guaranteed and the water heat pump would become an industrial reality. High-temperature drying heat pump An industrial-scale, high-temperature heat pump-assisted dryer prototype, including one 354 m3 forced-air wood dryer with steam heating coils and two high-temperature heat pumps (see Figure) has also been studied in Canada. Finished softwood lumber is produced in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry. Softwood, such as pine, spruce and fir (coniferous species), is composed of vertical and horizontal fiber cells serving as a mechanical support and pathway for the movement of moisture. These species are generally dried at relatively high temperatures, but no higher than 115 °C, and thus high- temperature heat pumps coupled with convective dryers are required. An oil-fired boiler supplies steam for wood preheating and supplemental (back-up) heating during the subsequent drying steps. The dryer central fans force the circulation of the indoor drying air and periodically change their rotation sense to make more uniform and, thus, to improve the overall drying process and the wood final quality. Each heat pump includes a 65 kW (nominal electrical power input) compressor, an evaporator, a variable speed blower and electronic controls located in an adjacent mechanical room. Both remote condensers are installed inside the drying chamber. The high-temperature refrigerant (HFC-236fa) is a non-toxic and non- flammable fluid, having a relatively high critical temperature compared to the highest process temperatures. Expansion valves are controlled by microprocessor-based controllers that display set points and actual process temperatures. The industrial-scale prototype demonstrates that, as a clean energy technology compared with traditional heat-and-vent dryers, the high-temperature heat pump-assisted dryers offer very interesting benefits for drying resinous timber. Its actual energy consumption effectively is between 27.3% and 56.7% lower than the energy consumed during the conventional (steam) drying cycles, whereas the average reduction in specific energy costs, compared to the average costs of the Canadian conventional wood drying industry (2009), is of approximately 35 %. Thermo Acoustic Heat Transformer Thermo acoustic (TA) energy conversion can be used to convert heat to acoustic power (engine) and to use acoustic power to pump heat to higher temperature levels (heat pump). The systems use an environmentally friendly working medium (noble gas) in a Stirling-like cycle, and contain no moving parts. Mechanical Hybrid drier rooAmir Supply Electrical & control room HP2 (heat pumps & steam) HP-2 C2 Air Return Experimental Drier (Hybrid) Dryer fans EV2 CD1 Air inlet EXV-2 Drying Heat Pumps RoomDrying HP1 air C1 CD2 EV1 EXV-1 HP-1 Traditional dryer (steam heated) Steam supply Back-up steam coils Oil-fir ed boiler OP Train rails Lumber stacks C: compressor CD: condenser EV: evaporator EXV: expansion valve HP: heat pump OP: oil pump VSB: variable speed blower Oil storage tanks Refrigerant path Drying air path Oil supply Steam supply Dryer fans’ motor IEA Heat Pump Programme 10 www.heatpumpcentre.org VSB-1 VSB-2PDF Image | Industrial Heat Pumps
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