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IEA Implementing Agreements Heat Pump Programme – Annex 35 Industrial Energy-related Systems and Technologies – Annex 13 Although the dynamics and working principles of TA systems are quite complex and involve many disciplines such as acoustics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, structural mechanics, and electrical machines, the practical implementation is relatively simple. This offers great advantages with respect to the economic feasibility of this technology. When thermal energy is converted into acoustic energy, this is referred to as a Thermo acoustic (TA)-engine. In a TA-heat pump, the thermodynamic cycle is run in the re-verse way and heat is pumped from a low-temperature level to a high-temperature level by the acoustic power. This principle can be used to create a heat transformer, as shown below. The TA-engine is located at the left side and generates acoustic power from a stream of waste heat stream at a temperature of 140 °C. The acoustic power flows through the resonator to the TA-heat pump, located on top of the resonator. Waste heat of 140 °C is upgraded to 180 °C in this component. The total system can be generally applied into the existing utility system at an industrial site. Basic characteristics of refrigerants suitable for high temperature heat pump Some development of the industrial heat pump using R-134a, R-245fa, R-717, R-744, hydro carbons, etc. has been made recently. However, except for R-744 and the flammables R-717 and HCs which are natural refrigerants with extremely low global warming potential (GWP), HFCs such as R-134a and R-245fa have high GWP values, and the use of HFCs are likely to be regulated in the viewpoint of global warming prevention in the foreseeable future. Therefore, development of alternative refrigerants with low GWP has been required. At present, as substitutes of R-134a, R-1234yf and R-1234ze (E) are considered to be promising, and R- 1234ze (Z) is attractive as a substitute of R-245fa. R-365mfc is considered to be suitable as a refrigerant of heat pump for vapor generation using waste heat, but its GWP value is high. Therefore, it seems that development of a substitute of R-365mfc should be furthered. The table below shows basic characteristics of the present and future refrigerants for IHPs. Refrigerant R-290 R-601 R-717 R-744 R-1234yf R-134a R-1234ze(E) R-1234ze(Z) R-245fa R-1233zd R-1336mzz R-365mfc Chemical formula GWP Flammability Tc pc NBP °C MPa °C CH3CH2CH3 ~20 yes 96.7 4.25 -42.1 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 ~20 yes 196.6 3.37 36.1 NH3 0 yes 132.25 30.98 94.7 101.06 109.37 153.7 154.01 165.6 171 186,85 11.33 7.3773 3.382 4.0593 3.636 3.97 3.651 3.5709 n. a. 3.266 -33.33 -78.40 -29,48 -26.07 -18.96 9.76 15.14 n. a. n. a. 40.19 CO2 1 CF3CF=CH2 <1 CF3CH2F 1,430 CFH=CHCF3 6 CFH=CHCF3 <10 CF3CH2CHF2 1,030 none weak none weak weak none none none weak CF3CH2CF2CH3 6 9 794 IEA Heat Pump Programme 11 www.heatpumpcentre.orgPDF Image | Industrial Heat Pumps
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