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1. Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere arising from human doings, such as power production from combustion of fossil fuels, industrial activities and – in the matter in question – refrigeration, have become more of a concern as a result of their growing scale in the past decades. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) is taking its toll on the environment with severe consequences that cannot be ignored (Andres, 2012). It is therefore necessary to take measures to avoid or reduce GHG production and release. In this instance, heat pumps (HP) come forward as an increasingly important player. In fact, they generally entail a lower electricity consumption when compared to equivalent electric radiator systems thus emitting less GHG; the magnitude of their benefit highly depends on the local energy mix used for electricity production (Forsén, 2005). Moreover, their impact is principally related to the refrigerant used, as it affects the CO2 emissions of the system both directly and indirectly. As the number of installed heat pump systems increases in a high number of countries worldwide, the importance of operating with a low impacting refrigerant becomes crucial. In Europe in 2013, the total HP capacity installed reached 24 GW, obtaining an estimated saving in CO2 - equivalent of 2.12 Mt. The savings per country can be seen in Figure 1.1 (ehpa, 2014). On aggregated terms, since 1994 more than 6.7 million HPs were installed, which equals almost 224 GW of thermal capacity. If retrofitting of old radiator systems is considered, such is the case oftentimes in Sweden, this represents an impressive total CO2 avoided emission (ehpa, 2014). Sweden is one of the countries with the highest amount of HPs installed. They firstly became popular in the 1970s and the market for residential applications has been fluctuating since, depending on the prices of other sources of energy mainly, but is experiencing a steady growth since the 2000s. In 2012 already, a total of 958 000units were installed (Statens energimyndighet, 2012), 6 5 4 3 2 5.68 2.53 0.17 3.36 0.39 0.02 1 0.71 0.74 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.17 1.03 0.03 0.02 2.32 0 AT BE CH CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR HU IE IT LT NL NO PL PT SE SK UK 0.5 0.02 1.12 0.14 0.3 Figure 1.1. GHG emissions saved by 2013 heat pump stock, by country (in Mt) (ehpa, 2014) -1- CO2 eq. [Mt]PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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