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Nevertheless, fluorinated gases – which represent the biggest share of refrigerants currently in use – still represent 2% of the GHG emissions in Europe (European Commission , 2014). New limitations have thus been imposed by the F-Gas regulation (European Union, 2014), in the form of a phase-down to be performed by 2030 and a number of other important measures in order to protect the environment by reducing emissions of fluorinated GHGs. The schedule of the reductions can be seen in Figure 1.2 and the summary of the envisaged bans is given in Table 1.1. Figure 1.2. Phase-down of fluorinated gases’ progress in time (Bitzer, 2014) It is then evident that effort has to be put in finding an alternative to the current working fluids, that can maintain a good performance and at the same time entail lower CO2 emissions, considering both the direct and the indirect effects through a Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) analysis. The scope of this thesis is thus to identify one or more valid replacement options to the refrigerant currently in use (R410A) in a commercially available heat pump with domestic heating purposes. In doing that other criteria have to be met such as stability in the system, thermodynamic properties, flammability and toxicity, all of which will be developed further on. -2- First drastic step Baseline 100% (2015) related to average consumption 2009 to 2012PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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