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EU F-gas regulation Kyoto Protocol Montreal Protocol Figure 2.1. Evolution of refrigerants in time, adopted from Danfoss (2014) Four refrigerant generations can be identified (Calm, 2008): First generation The main actors in the first generation were natural refrigerants that could be easily found or produced, such as CO2, NH3, SO2, ethers etc. The performance in the vapour compression cycle was satisfactory, but they presented issues with flammability and safety. Second generation: safety and durability As the issues to safety rose from the first generation, the main focus was transferred to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The main refrigerants created in this phase are R11, R12 and R115. Ammonia maintained a strong portion of the market. The refit of machines using this type of substances is not yet completed. During the ‘50s HCFCs were introduced, including the most famous R22, as not completely halogenated carbon-based compounds. Third generation: ozone protection In the ‘70s a link between the emission of CFCs and HCFCs and the depletion of the ozone layer was proven. This is due to the chlorine atom, which has the ability of decomposing the ozone molecule. Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) were banned with the Montreal Protocol, elaborated in the Vienna convention in 1987. In particular, CFCs were phased out (by 1996 or 2010 depending on the country) and HCFCs reduced, in a measure varying in different countries, and assumed the role of transition, undergoing a phase down such as 1996 (freeze at calculated cap), 2004 (65% of cap), 2010 (25%), 2015 (10%), and 2020 (0.5%) with full consumption phase out by 2030 in non-Article 5 countries (i.e. countries not operating under Article 5, paragraph 1 of the Montreal Protocol) and by 2015 for countries in the European Union (EIGA, 2014). Instead, Article 5 countries (mainly developing countries) (UNEP, -6-PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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