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2. Refrigerants An overview of the different refrigerants’ categories will be given hereby, along with an outline of their historical evolution. The main characteristics involved in the choice of alternatives will be developed, and a summary of relevant studies performed on the most relevant options for the scope of this work will be performed. Lastly, the shortlist of options to be further analysed will be illustrated. 2.1. Introductory concepts The composition of a refrigerant, and thus some of its properties can be deduced by its name. The structure is Raxyz, where R simply stands for Refrigerant, and, according to the ASHRAE Standard 34 (ANSI/ASHRAE, 2013): x represents the number of Carbon atoms in the molecule, reduced by 1 When the number is zero it is omitted from the name. y represents the number of hydrogen atoms, increased by 1 z is the number of fluorine atoms a is the number of unsaturated carbon bonds. It is omitted when there are no double bonds. It is to be noted that x=4 represents zeotropic mixtures (mixtures that experience a temperature glide during phase changes), x=5 azeotropic mixtures (mixtures that behave as a pure substance), x=6 organic compounds and x=7 inorganic compounds. The concept of zeotropic behaviour will be explained in section 2.2.1. Although the vapour compression cycle was patented in the 19th century already (Balmer, 2011), the research of optimal refrigerants, thermodynamically, economically and environmentally performing is always ongoing. Throughout the history of the heat pump/refrigerating machine technology, different groups of refrigerants have been used according to the current requirements and needs, as can be seen in Figure 2.1. -5-PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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