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as it implies a dispersal of substance in the environment. Thus, only the refrigerants with significant GWP are influenced by its variation. The higher the GWP, the more pronounced are the consequences of a leakage increase. In the case of R410A, in fact, the TEWI can increase up to 41.8% for a leakage increase of 3 percentage points. When considering the HCs and the HFOs, instead, an imperceptible variation is observed, being maximum 0.066%, 0.16%, 0.19% and 0.35% respectively for R290, R1270, R1234yf and R1234ze(E). This could represent a further advantage in the usage of such refrigerants, as the number of leakage checks could be reduced and thus the maintenance cost. Lifetime The lifetime of the system was assumed to 15 years, and results are now presented for the range 10 – 20 years. It is evident that the longer the lifetime of the system, the higher the overall CO2 emission. This factor, as seen in (2.1), is present in the calculation of both direct and indirect effect, but entails the major impact in the indirect one. Therefore, the range of values keeps approximately the same width for every refrigerant. The HCs and HFOs, presenting a very close TEWI, involve a very close variation range, equal to averagely ±33%. R410A, R32 and R152a, as they have a slightly lower indirect effect (higher SCOP), show a lower range; ±24%, ±28% and ±32% respectively. The outcome of the sensitivity analysis is found in Figure 4.14. 7000.00 6000.00 5000.00 4000.00 3000.00 2000.00 1000.00 0.00 Direct effect 10y 12y 14y 16y 18y 20y Indirect effect 11y 13y 15y 17y 19y R410A R32 R152a R290 R1270 R1234yf R1234ze(E) Figure 4.14. Lifetime sensitivity analysis on TEWI -43- TEWI [kg CO2]PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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