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Recovery efficiency The recovery factor is varied from 0.5 to 1, around the original value of 0.7, and the results are shown in Figure 4.15. It is evident that the higher the recovery efficiency, the lower the TEWI, as less refrigerant is lost in the environment at the decommissioning of the heat pump. The considered parameter only influences the direct effect, thus a variation in the final TEWI value in only observable for the refrigerants with a significant GWP, increasing with increasing GWP. The maximum variation range is shown by R410A, evidently, and equals -27% to +18%. In the case of HCs and HFOs the range is below ±1%. 7000.00 6000.00 5000.00 4000.00 3000.00 2000.00 1000.00 0.00 Direct effect Indirect effect rec. 50% rec. 60% rec. 70% rec. 80% rec. 90% rec. 100% R410A R32 R152a R290 R1270 R1234yf R1234ze(E) Figure 4.15. Recovery efficiency sensitivity analysis on TEWI Emission factor All the results presented above are valid when considering a heat pump operating in Sweden, and thus exploiting electricity supplied from the Sweden energy mix. The CO2 emission factor in that case was β=0.023 kg CO2/kWhe. When evaluating TEWI with the emission factor for the European average, i.e. β=0.4261 (Itten, 2012), the outcome is as seen in Figure 4.16. It has to be noted that this value is bound to decrease in the future, and reach values more similar to the Swedish case; in fact the renewable energies’ share keeps on increasing, hence implying an electricity production involving less GHG emissions. (Eurostat, 2015) -44- TEWI [kg CO2]PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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