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Energies 2020, 13, 5654 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18 5 of 17 2.3. The Heat Pump (a) Heating Mode 2.3. The Heat Pump (b) Cooling Mode Figure 2. Scheme of the thermal power plant of the system. As can be seen from the scheme in Figure 2, the heat pump configuration differs from the more As can be seen from the scheme in Figure 2, the heat pump configuration differs from the more common double cascade thermodynamic cycles that can usually be found in the market. The heat common double cascade thermodynamic cycles that can usually be found in the market. The heat carrier fluid exchanges heat with the two thermodynamic cycles by the use of two flat plate heat carrier fluid exchanges heat with the two thermodynamic cycles by the use of two flat plate heat exchangers connected in series, while usually, the double cascade cycles use only one heat exchanger exchangers connected in series, while usually, the double cascade cycles use only one heat exchanger at the condenser side of the high-temperature cycle. For this reason, the configuration in the figure at the condenser side of the high-temperature cycle. For this reason, the configuration in the figure could be defined as a “partial” double cascade cycle. In the market, high-temperature transcritical heat could be defined as a “partial” double cascade cycle. In the market, high-temperature transcritical pumpsthatuseCO astherefrigerantarequitecommon,butamongthemainlimitsofthesemachines, heat pumps that us2e CO2 as the refrigerant are quite common, but among the main limits of these the high values of temperature difference required at the condenser side limit the achievement of good machines, the high values of temperature difference required at the condenser side limit the energy performances. Consequently, the terminal units used for heating should work with low flow achievement of good energy performances. Consequently, the terminal units used for heating should rates and high temperature drops to go below the critical temperature of the CO . As widely known work with low flow rates and high temperature drops to go below the critical tem2perature of the CO2. in the air-conditioning field, the only terminal units that can work below the critical temperature As widely known in the air-conditioning field, the only terminal units that can work below the critical temperature are radiant systems. However, in these applications, the temperature drops do not exceed 3–4 °C, as suggested by the standards, in order to guarantee a uniform temperature of thePDF Image | Novel Ground-Source Heat Pump with R744
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