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Energies 2019, 12, 457 Categorization Water Source Heat Pump 19 of 35 References Mayekawa [116] Liu et al. [117] Hu et al. [118] Calabrese et al. [119] Hu et al. [120] Type of Study Salient Design Features Boiler and water chiller in one machine Used energy from waste and renewable sources Dual mode Hot and cold thermal storage Designed for cold climate Hot gas bypass defrosting Rooftop unit IHX Recirculated air from the HP cycle CDP was taken as input to the ESC controller Applications - Heating - Cooling - Heating - Cooling - Heating - Heating - Heating Major Findings Table 3. A summary of studies conducted on CO2 heat pump systems. Theoretical Experimental √ √ √ √ Air Source Heat Pump - - - - - - - - - - - Cut energy costs - Combined COPmax = 8.0 - Hot water temperature up to 90 ◦C - Chilled water temperature down to−9◦C - Minimized operational cost - Combined COPmax = 5.49 at compressor frequency of 50 Hz, expansion valve opening of 330 pulses - No additional structural cost - 35% energy was consumed for defrosting - 7.6% energy was used to heat the evaporator tubes and fins - 57.4% of the supplied energy was consumed to increase the internal energy of the gas cooler - Hot gas bypass defrosting efficiency ranged from 30% to 40% - Lower COP than HFC when gas cooler air temperature > 10 ◦C - More steady operation when air temperature < 10 ◦C which are precluded to most HFC HPs - ESC was able to search and track both fixed and slowly varying operating conditions to optimize COP - Did not require system upgrade over time √PDF Image | Recent Advances in Transcritical CO2 (R744) Heat Pump System
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