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Energies 2019, 12, 457 Categorization Ground Source Heat Pump 20 of 35 References Kim et al. [32] Wang et al. [121] Faria et al. [122] Li et al. [123] Type of Study Table 3. Cont. Salient Design Features Applications Heating Cooling Heating Cooling Heating Heating Cooling Major Findings Theoretical √ Experimental √ - IHX - - Indoor and - outdoor HX - U-tube ground HX - - Expander - - Solar evaporator - - Expansion valve - R134a, R744, and R22 - as the working fluids - Used a reheater - - Performance enhancement in cooling mode (2% to 6%) with IHX compared to the basic cycle - Performance slightly degraded in heating mode - Cost efficient - COPmax = 5.5 and 5.9, respectively, in the summer and winter - COP was higher with an expander for both heating and cooling than without an expander - Performance degraded when the refrigerant was heated to a superheated condition - Dryout occurred at vapor quantity > 0.81 - R744 had higher COP compared to synthetic refrigerants for the ambient temperature range from −5 to 13 ◦C - R744 showed lower COP when the ambient temperature was above 13 ◦C - The solar energy input ratio of R744 was changed in the range from 39% to 73% for the corresponding outdoor temperature Hybrid Solar √ √PDF Image | Recent Advances in Transcritical CO2 (R744) Heat Pump System
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