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x means that a relatively large part of the annual space heating demand can be covered by operation in the combined heating mode, where the COP is considerably higher than in the space heating mode. ♦ During operation in the combined heating mode and the DHW heating mode, the COP of the integrated CO2 heat pump is heavily influenced by the inlet water temperature for the DHW preheating gas cooler unit. The lower the inlet temperature, the higher the COP. The CO2 system will therefore achieve the highest COP at low city water temperatures, and when there is negligible mixing and minimum conductive heat transfer between the hot and cold water in the DHW tank during the tapping and charging periods. ♦ The COP for the integrated CO2 heat pump is generally more sensitive to variations in the compressor efficiency than that of con- ventional brine/water-to-water heat pump systems. It is therefore of particular importance to apply a high-efficiency compressor. ♦ At each operating mode and temperature programme, there will be an optimum gas cooler (high-side) pressure that leads to a maximum COP for the integrated CO2 heat pump. However, at moderate DHW temperatures, the heat pump can be operated at constant high-side pressure in all heating modes with only a minor reduction in the COP. This is favourable, since it simplifies the operation of the system and reduces the first cost. ♦ During operation in the combined heating mode, the COP for the integrated CO2 heat pump may be higher than in the DHW heating mode due to similar temperature approaches at the cold outlet of the gas coolers and lower optimum high-side pressure. The higher the DHW temperature, the larger the COP difference for the operating modes. ♦ The integrated CO2 heat pump system will be more complex than the state-of-the art residential heat pump systems due to the requirement for a tripartite gas cooler, extra valves and tubing for by-pass of fluids, an inverter controlled pump in the DHW circuit as well as an especially designed DHW storage tank. The application of optimum high-side pressure control will further increase the technical and ope- rational complexity of the system.PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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