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Domestic Hot Water (DHW) Storage Tanks ♦ Conductive heat transfer between the DHW and the cold city water in the storage tank during the tapping and charging periods may result in a considerable increase in the inlet water temperature for the DHW preheating gas cooler. This will in turn reduce the COP of the integrated CO2 heat pump. The thermodynamic losses are highest at large initial temperature differences for the DHW and the city water, small charging volumes and low gas cooler heating capacities. Inevitable mixing of hot and cold water in the tank will lead to further increase in the thermodynamic losses for the CO2 heat pump system. ♦ One possible way to reduce internal conductive heat transfer and avoid the mixing in cylindrical single-shell DHW storage tanks, is to separate the DHW and the city water by means of a movable plate with low thermal conductivity. The concept proved to give satis- factory thermal performance and functionality at atmospheric opera- ting conditions. However, definite conclusions regarding the functio- nality, thermal performance and optimum design can only be drawn after full-scale testing has been carried out in a pressurised tank. First-costs as well as the long-term reliability of the insulating plate are also important issues that need to be further addressed. Suggestions for Further Work On the basis of the results and conclusions from this thesis, the sugges- tions for further work are as follows: ♦ To develop a steady-state computer model for in-depth analyses and optimisation of integrated CO2 heat pump systems, including the calculation of the SPF based on hourly time steps. ♦ To analyse the economic feasibility for an integrated brine-to-water CO2 heat pump system for residential use. ♦ To study the operational characteristics and the performance of an integrated CO2 heat pump system using ambient air as the heat source. ♦ To develop a low-cost and high-efficiency tripartite gas cooler. ♦ To carry out further analyses and tests on a movable insulating plate for cylindrical single-shell DHW tanks. xiPDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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