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3 – Theoretical Background and System Analysis GAS COOLER (C) GAS COOLER (B) GAS COOLER (A) CO2 Solenoid valves To DHW tank Temperature sensor From DHW tank Figure 3.23 3.3.3 Principle of a valve arrangement which by-pass the water flow to gas cooler C during the reheating mode. Exergy Losses in the DHW Storage Tank The main exergy losses in the DHW storage tank are related to heat loss through the tank walls, mixing of hot and cold water during the tapping and charging modes and conductive heat transfer inside the tank. 3.3.3.1 Heat Loss Through the Tank Walls Standard-sized cylindrical DHW tanks are normally insulated with 40 mm fibre glass or expanded polystyrene (EPS), having a thermal conductivity of typically 0.045 and 0.035 W/(mK) respectively. At an ambient tempe- rature of 20oC and DHW temperatures ranging from 60 to 90oC, the mean heat flux from the tanks will range from about 35 to 60 W/m2 for glass- wool insulation and 30 to 50 W/m2 for EPS insulation. The temperature drop in the DHW tank can be estimated by the following differential equation when assuming uniform water temperature in the tank: −(MW ⋅cp−W +MT ⋅cp−T)⋅dθ=(U⋅A⋅θ)⋅dτ (3.19) where MW and MT are the total mass of the water and the stainless DHW steel tank, cp-W and cp-T are the specific heat capacity of the water and the tank, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient for the tank wall, A is the total outside surface area of the tank, and θ is the temperature difference between the water and the ambient air. 55PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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