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6 – Modelling With reference to Figure 3.28 in Section 3.3.3.3, Conductive Heat Transfer Inside the DHW Tank, the growth rate of the thermocline zones (∂HTC/∂τ) decreased gradually since the heat flux between the “undis- turbed” hot and cold water reservoirs was roughly proportional to the extent of the thermocline zone. 6.2.3.3 The Outlet Water Temperature from the Tank Figure 6.24 and Figure 6.25 exemplify the simulated outlet water tempe- ratures from the DHW tank during the charging mode at 70/10oC initial water temperatures, 60 or 120 litres charging volumes and a constant water flow rate ranging from 29 to 72 l/h. The selected water flow rates corresponded to a gas cooler heating capacity in the range from 2 to 5 kW at the actual temperature conditions. 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Time, τ [hours] D 72 l/h 43 l/h 5 kW 3 kW C 57 l/h 29 l/h 4 kW 2 kW A B 60 litres charging volume Figure 6.24 The simulated outlet water temperature from the 200 litre DHW tank at 70/10oC initial water temperatures, 60 litres charging volume and varying water flow rates. The conductive heat transfer resulted in a considerable rise in the average outlet temperature from the tank and prolonged the charging period. At the lowest water flow rate of 29 l/h, the total thermocline zone B–D com- prised the heated city water (B–C) and the cooled hot water (C–D), whereas the extra charging period was equal to ∆τ = (τD – τC). The mean outlet water temperature from the tank was about 30oC, and it was virtually the same at a water flow rate of 72 l/h. 201 Water Temperature [°C]PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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